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A Country Study: China Library of Congress Call Number DS706 .C489 1988

   * China
   * Foreword
   * Acknowledgments
   * Table A. Chronology of Chinese Dynasties
   * Country Profile - Visit new updated Profile (PDF)
         o Country
         o Geography
         o Society
         o Economy
         o Transportation and Communications
         o Government and Politics
         o National Security 
   * Introduction 
   * Chapter 1 - Historical Setting (Rinn-Sup Shinn and Robert L. Worden)
         o The Ancient Dynasties
               + The Dawn of History
               + The Zhou Period
               + The Hundred Schools of Thought 
         o The Imperial EraI
               + The First Imperial Period
               + Era of Disunity
               + Restoration of Empire
               + Mongolian Interlude
               + The Chinese Regain Power
               + The Rise of the Manchus 
         o Emergence of Modern China
               + The Western Powers Arrive
               + The Opium War, 1839-42
               + The Taiping Rebellion, 1851-64
               + The Self-Strengthening Movement
               + The Hundred Days' Reform and the Aftermath
               + The Republican Revolution of 1911 
         o Republican China
               + Nationalism and Communism
                     # Opposing the Warlords
                     # Consolidation under the Guomindang
                     # Rise of the Communists 
               + Anti-Japanese War
               + Return to Civil War 
         o The People's Republic of China
               + The Transition to Socialism, 1953-57
               + The Great Leap Forward, 1958-60
               + Readjustment and Recovery, 1961-65
               + The Cultural Revolution Decade, 1966-76
                     # The Militant Phase, 1966-68
                     # The Ninth National Party Congress to the Demise of Lin Biao, 1969-71
                     # End of the Era of Mao Zedong, 1972-76 
               + The Post-Mao Period, 1976-78
               + China and the Four Modernizations, 1979-82 
   * Chapter 2 - Physical Environment and Population (Michael L. Waddle)
         o Physical Environment
               + Boundaries
               + Terrain and Drainage
               + Climate
               + Wildlife 
         o Population
               + The Data Base
               + Mortality and Fertility
               + Population Control Programs
               + Density and Distribution
               + Migration
                     # Internal
                     # Urbanization
                     # Emigration and Immigration 
               + Minority Nationalities
                     # Demographic Overview
                     # Policy 
               + Labor Force
               + Health Care 
   * Chapter 3 - The Social System (Donald R. DeGlopper)
         o Ethnic Boundaries
         o Han Diversity and Unity
         o Traditional Society and Culture
               + Diffusion of Values
               + The Confucian Legacy
               + Traditional Social Structure
               + The Examination System
               + Social Stratification
               + Stratification and Families
               + Social Mobility 
         o Social Change
         o Differentiation
               + The Work Place
               + Communist Party Membership
               + Urban-Rural Distinctions
               + Regional Distinctions 
         o Common Patterns
               + Work Units
               + Wages and Benefits
               + Informal Mechanisms of Exchange 
         o Rural Society
               + Collectivization and Class Status
               + Decollectivization
               + The Role of the Household
               + Consequences of Rural Reform
               + Regulations and Favors
               + Family and Household
               + Marriage
               + Community Structure 
         o Urban Society
               + Distinctive Features
               + Housing
               + Families and Marriage
               + Providing for the Next Generation
               + Opportunities and Competition
               + Examinations, Hereditary Transmission of Jobs, and Connections 
         o Women
         o Religion
         o Trends and Tensions 
   * Chapter 4 - Education and Culture (Andrea Matles Savada and Ronald E. Dolan)
         o Education Policy
         o The Education System
               + New Directions
               + Compulsory Education Law
               + Key Schools 
         o Primary Education
               + Primary Schools
               + Preschool Education
               + Special Education 
         o Secondary Education
               + Middle Schools
               + Vocational and Technical Schools 
         o Higher Education
               + Background
               + Modernization Goals in the 1980s
                     # Entrance Examinations and Admission Criteria
                     # Changes in Enrollment and Assignment Policies
                     # Scholarship and Loan System
                     # Study Abroad 
               + Educational Investment 
         o Teachers
         o Adult Education
               + Role in Modernization
               + Alternative Forms
               + Literacy and Language Reform 
         o Policy Toward Intellectuals
               + Background
               + Post-Mao Development 
         o Culture and the Arts
               + Traditional Literature Chinese literature
                     # Classics Chinese literature
                     # Early Prose Chinese literature
                     # Early Poetry Chinese literature
                     # Later Prose Chinese literature
                     # Modern Prose Chinese literature
               + Literature in the Post-Mao Period Chinese literature
               + Traditional Arts
                     # Drama
                     # Music
                     # Painting and Calligraphy 
               + Contemporary Performing Arts
                     # Motion Pictures
                     # Radio and Television
                     # Folk and Variety Arts 
               + Publishing
                     # Background
                     # Newspapers 
               + Libraries and Archives 
   * Chapter 5 - Economic Context (Thomas R. Gottschang)
         o General Nature of the Economy
         o Economic Policies, 1949-80 Economic history of China
               + Recovery from War, 1949-52 Economic history of China
               + The First Five-Year Plan, 1953-57 Economic history of China
               + The Great Leap Forward, 1958-60 Economic history of China
               + Readjustment and Recovery: "Agriculture First," 1961-65 Economic history of China
               + Events During the Cultural Revolution Decade, 1966-76 Economic history of China
                     # High Tide of the Cultural Revolution, 1966-68 Economic history of China
                     # Resumption of Systematic Growth, 1970-74 Economic history of China
                     # The Gang of Four, 1974-76 Economic history of China
               + The Post-Mao Interlude, 1976-78 Economic history of China
               + Reform of the Economic System, Beginning in 1979 Economic history of China
                     # The Period of Readjustment, 1979-81 Economic history of China
                     # Reform and Opening, Beginning in 1982  Economic history of China
         o Structure and Operation of the Economy
               + Roles of the Government and the Party
               + The Two Major Sectors: Agriculture and Industry
                     # Agriculture
                     # Industry 
               + Other Important Sectors
               + Planning
               + The Budget
               + The Banking System
               + Prices
                     # Determination of Prices
                     # The Role of Prices
                     # Problems in Price Policy
                     # Inflation 
         o Living Standards
               + Progress since 1949
                     # Food
                     # Clothing
                     # Consumer Goods
                     # Housing 
               + Income Distribution 
         o Potential for Achieving National Goals 
   * Chapter 6 - Agriculture (Frederick W. Crook)
         o Resources Endowment
         o Agricultural Policies
               + The 1950s
               + Importance of Agriculture Recognized
               + Recovery
               + Post-Mao Policies 
         o Planning and Organization
         o Operational Methods and Inputs
               + Cropping Patterns
               + Fertilizer
               + Mechanization
               + Water Conservancy
               + Pest Control
               + Seed Varieties
               + Agricultural Science 
         o Production
               + Crops
               + Animal Husbandry
               + Forestry
               + Fishery
               + Sideline Production 
         o Agricultural Trade 
   * Chapter 7 - Industry (Michael L. Waddle)
         o Trends in Industrial Production
         o Organization
         o Geographic Distribution of Industry
         o Level of Technology
         o Supplies of Industrial Resources
               + Capital
               + Labor
               + Raw Materials
               + Energy 
         o Manufacturing
               + Iron and Steel
               + Machine Building
                     # Machine Tools
                     # Electric Power Equipment
                     # Transportation Equipment
                     # Metallurgical Equipment
                     # Electronics 
               + Chemicals
               + Building Materials
               + Paper
               + Textiles
               + Food Processing
               + Other Consumer Goods 
         o Construction
               + Housing Construction
               + Capital Construction 
         o Mining
               + Coal
               + Iron Ore
               + Other Minerals and Metals 
         o Energy
               + Oil and Natural Gas
               + Electric and Nuclear Power 
         o Rural Industry
         o Defense Industry 
   * Chapter 8 - Trade and Transportation (Roxane D.V. Sismanidis and Ernestine H. Wang)
         o Internal Trade and Distribution
               + Agriculture
               + Industry
               + Lateral Economic Cooperation
               + Retail Sales 
         o Foreign Trade
               + History of Chinese Foreign Trade
               + Trade Policy in the 1980s
               + Organization of Foreign Trade
                     # Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade
                     # Foreign Trade Corporations and Enterprises
                     # Financial Transactions and Investment
                     # Other Organizations Involved in Trade 
               + Composition of Foreign Trade
               + Trading Partners
               + Tourism 
         o Transportation
               + Railroads
               + Subways
               + Highways and Roads
               + Bridges
               + Inland Waterways
               + Maritime Shipping
               + Civil Aviation 
         o Postal Services
         o Telecommunications
               + Historical Development
               + Telecommunications Services 
   * Chapter 9 - Science and Technology (Donald D. DeGlopper)
         o Historical Development of Science and Technology Policy
               + Pre-1949 Patterns
                     # Foreign Learning and Chinese Learning 
               + Soviet Influence in the 1950s
               + "Reds" Versus "Experts" in the 1950s and 1960s
               + Rehabilitation and Rethinking, 1977-84 
         o Science and Technology in the 1980's
               + The Supply of Skilled Manpower
               + Research Institutes
               + National Organization and Administration
                     # Chinese Academy of Sciences
                     # State Science and Technology Commission
                     # National Defense Science, Technology, and Industry Commission
                     # Research in Colleges, Universities, and Enterprises
                     # Planning Scientific Research 
               + Integration of Administrative Systems
                     # Leading Group for Science and Technology
                     # China Association of Science and Technology 
               + International Ties 
         o The Reform Program
               + Shortcomings of the Science and Technology System
               + The Program
                     # The Relation with Economic Reform
                     # Technology Markets and Joint Ventures
                     # Personnel and Job Mobility 
         o Technology Transfer
               + Policy
               + Modes of Transfer
               + Linking Technology and Economics 
   * Chapter 10 - Party and Government (Marcia R. Ristaino)
         o Chinese Communist Party
               + Party Constitution
               + National Party Congresses
               + Central Committee and Political Bureau
               + Secretariat
               + Central Military Commission
               + Other Party Organs
               + Membership
               + Mass Organizations
                     # Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
                     # Democratic Parties
                     # Trade Unions
                     # Communist Youth League
                     # Women, Artists, Students, and Others 
         o The Government
               + Constitutional Framework
               + The National People's Congress
               + The State Council
               + The Judiciary
               + Local Administration
               + The Cadre System 
         o The Media 
   * Chapter 11 - The Political Process (Marcia R. Ristaino)
         o Political Realignments at the Party Center
               + Deng Xiaoping Consolidates Power
               + Institutionalizing Collective Leadership
               + A Successor Generation 
         o The First Wave of Reform, 1979-84
               + The Opening Up Policy and Reform in the Countryside
               + Rectification and Reform 
         o The Second Wave of Reform, 1984-86
               + The Repercussions of Urban Reform
               + The Decentralization of Power 
         o The Third Wave of Reform, Beginning in 1986
               + Political Reform
               + Resistance and the Campaign Against Bourgeois Liberalization 
         o The Politics of Modernization
               + The Components of Reform
               + Competing Bureaucratic Interests
               + Deng Xiaoping's Seminal Role 
         o Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong "Thought Be Thought"
               + The Role of Ideology
               + Ideology and the Socialist Man
               + Ideology and Social Change 
   * Chapter 12 - Foreign Relations (Elizabeth E. Green)
         o Evolution of Foreign Policy
               + Historical Legacy and Worldview
               + Nationalism
               + The Influence of Ideology
               + Decision Making and Implementation
                     # Government and Party Organizations
                     # Ministry of Foreign Affairs
                     # Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade
                     # Ministry of National Defense
                     # "People-to-People" Diplomacy
                     # The Decision-Making Process 
         o An Overview of China's Foreign Relations
               + Sino-Soviet Relations
               + Sino-American Relations
               + Relations with the Third World
               + Relations with the Developed World
                     # Japan
                     # Europe 
               + China's Role in International Organizations 
   * Chapter 13 - Criminal Justice and Public Security (Ronald E. Dolan)
         o The Legal System
               + The Imperial Era
               + Republican China
               + Developments after 1949
                     # Early Years of the People's Republic, 1949-53
                     # The Legal System under the 1954 State Constitution
                     # The Legal System under the 1975 State Constitution 
               + Return to Socialist Legality
                     # Legal Reforms in the 1982 State Constitution 
         o Court Structure and Process
         o Law Enforcement
               + Historical Background
               + Public Security Forces
                     # The People's Armed Police Force
                     # State Security 
               + Grass-Roots Organizations 
         o The Penal System 
   * Chapter 14 - National Defense (Roxane D.V. Sismanidis)
         o Historical Development, 1927-79
               + From the Founding of the People's Liberation Army to the Korean War
               + Military Modernization in the 1950s and 1960s
               + The People's Liberation Army in the Cultural Revolution
               + Military Modernization in the 1970s 
         o Military Modernization
               + Civil-Military Relations
                     # Political Role of the People's Liberation Army
                     # Party Control
                     # Popular Attitudes Toward the People's Liberation Army 
               + Military Organization
                     # State and Party Central Military Commissions
                     # Ministry of National Defense and National Defense Science, Technology, and Industry Commission
                     # Operational Control
                     # General Staff Department
                     # General Political Department
                     # General Logistics Department
                     # Streamlining and Reduction in Force 
               + Doctrine, Strategy, and Tactics
               + Education and Training
                     # Revitalization of the Military Academy System
                     # Training Reforms 
               + Personnel
                     # Recruitment
                     # Conditions of Service
                     # Promotion
                     # Ranks, Uniforms, and Insignia 
               + Defense Industry and the Economic Role of the People's Liberation Army
                     # Military Expenditures
                     # Military Research and Development and the National Defense Science, Technology, and Industry Commission
                     # Defense Industry
                     # Weapons Production
                     # The Role of Foreign Military Technology
                     # Arms Sales
                     # Civilian Production
                     # Economic Roles of the People's Liberation Army 
         o Perception of Threat
               + The Soviet Union
               + Vietnam
               + India
               + South China Sea
               + Taiwan 
         o Foreign Military Cooperation
         o Force Structure
               + Ground Forces
               + Air Force
               + Navy
               + Nuclear Forces
               + Paramilitary Forces
                     # Militia
                     # Reserve Service System
                     # Production and Construction Corps
                     # People's Armed Police Force 
         o Accomplishments and Prospects 
   * Appendices
         o Appendix B. Chronology and Lists
         o Appendix C. The People's Libertion Army at a Glance 
   * Bibliography
   * Glossary