User:Zzmonty/Hebrew Spelling Rules v2017

This is the v2017 of the Academy of Hebrew official spelling rules. It is update to the Academy of Hebrew v2002.

Note: The spelling examples are the correct vowelless spelling according to the Academy of Hebrew v2017 Spelling Rules.

Preface

The Language Board and the Language Academy debated for many years to determine the spelling of the new Hebrew. At the beginning of the days of the Language Board, the spelling system was based on David Yelin, according to which every Hebrew word has a fixed spelling. Later this spelling method received the name 'grammatical spelling'. This method is based on grammatical considerations of the length of the vowels in Hebrew and the Semitic languages, and it is suitable to a certain extent for the biblical spelling, which, although it is not uniform, maintains some principles and tendencies (for example, the verification of the reading Yod and Vivu do not come before emphasis, except for a few exceptions)

This spelling, which underplays reading verification, is difficult to use without scoring. Most of the Hebrew texts written over the generations are not punctuated, and are used more in verifying the reading. According to them, a second spelling system was formed in the language committee, which later became known as 'the unscored spelling'. This is why the spelling of words with vowels (with nikud) is different than the spelling of words without vowels (w/o nikud)

In its early years, the Academy of the Hebrew Language had many heated discussions on the question of spelling, and in the year 5778 it was decided to adopt the two spelling methods mentioned here: punctuated texts will be written according to the 'grammatical spelling', while unpunctuated texts can be written according to the 'unpunctuated spelling' Method. This principle has been accepted by the public: the majority of Hebrew texts are written in unpunctuated spelling in our generations, while the grammatical spelling is practiced in punctuated holy books, in poetry, in children's books and in textbooks for young students and new immigrants, (standards) for special needs, such as in textbooks for the beginning of teaching reading and writing.

David Yelin's contributions to Modern Hebrew

David Yelin was one of the central people in the process of the revival of the Hebrew language, and particularly active in coining neologisms. Unlike Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, who liked using Arabic words for creating Hebrew neologisms, Yelin preferred using only classical Hebrew sources. He was particularly interested in Biblical Hapax legomena, the meanings of which are not always clear, and he reused them, sometimes changing their meaning. For example, he reused the word minzar, which appears in the book of Nahum, and probably means "king", to denote monastery (by association with the word nazir, monk). Other words that he created, and which became common in Modern Hebrew are words for photography (צילום), joke (בדיחה), agriculturalist (חקלאי), actor (שחקן), and others.

Together with Yehuda Gur he published a complete Hebrew dictionary in 1920.

Changes to the spelling rules in 2017

Before the official Academy of Hebrew, there was the question of whether and to what extent the spelling rules should be changed after decades in which these rules were valid. The assumption was that the standard full spelling rules (formerly "the unscored spelling") were adopted by the majority among the publishers and even the general public, and thus a uniform spelling picture of most words was formed to a large extent in contemporary Hebrew writing. Therefore, the Academy of Hebrew saw to it that the rules should not be changed except very little, and especially in a few cases where the rule was regarding a decree that the public could not comply with.

• Example: Such as the rule that וי"ו are not written with words wise (חָכְמָה), technical (תָּכְנִית), etc.

Rules that are very useful for writing have not been changed, even if they have not yet become in the public domain.

• Example: Such as a double yod to indicate the compound pronoun (my), for example my brother (אחיי)

Since the Academy considers it important to preserve the established spelling image, no new rules were established that would cause a change in the spelling image of many words. This is true, evenven if it was in them to simplify the rule and make it easier to learn. For this reason there is no escaping the reliance of the rules on knowing the structure of the word - the root and the weight. Such as writing a יו"ד in cases of צירי as an emphasis payment.

• Example: Such as וי"ו was not added after חטף קמץ, vowel ( הֳ) in a word such as 'noon' (צָהֳרַיִם) which is now spelled (צוהריים) and not (צוהוריים).

• Example: The rule is kept that one does not write יו"ד before שווא נח, for example 'he got dressed'( התלבש), 'letter' ( מכתב), and not ( היתלבש, מיכתב)

One of the principles that guided the drafters of the previous rules was the relationship between the spelling of the basic form of the word and the spelling of its inflectional forms. In the new rules, this principle is weakened. The most notable case is in the spelling of the inflected forms of words such as 'my heart' (לב), 'taxes' (מס), which are now written ביו"ד form 'my heart' ( ליבי) and 'taxes' ( מיסים).

In the previous rules, a basic rule was established according to which any reading in the dotted spelling would also be written in the full spelling. The new rules no longer rely on the dotted spelling rules, and therefore sections have been added to them describing the use of reading verification in dotted spelling (Rule 3.1, Rule 4.2.1).

Introduction

The new spelling rules determine the main spelling of Hebrew today, it is the full (standard) spelling. This spelling is intended to be used mainly in writing without scoring (without nikud), but also in writing with partial (partial nikud) and even full scoring (with nikud) if necessary.

The rules regulate the writing of the הווי"וים and היו"דים in order to indicate some of the vowels and to distinguish consonants from vowels. (See Note: Introduction.1)

Along with the full spelling, the punctuated grammatical spelling will be added and maintained - based on David Yelin - which is practiced mainly in texts from the sources and in poetry. A basic rule is that every letter written in this grammatical spelling is also written in the full spelling. In the body of the rules, instructions were incorporated for writing a reading verification according to the structure of the word, that is, those that are also written in the grammatical spelling. To put it simply, in 'short spelling' or 'defunct spelling', all constants are kept in full spelling. No constants are taken away, only added, to help make the reading of vowels clearer.

Spelling rules and first names (personal names)

The rules below do not necessarily apply to first names, which are often written missing where the rules require a full one, and especially to first names with a spelling tradition that hangs down over the generations (biblical names).

• Example: Such as Jacob ( יעקב), Moses ( משה), Aaron ( אהרן), Cohen ( כהן), Joshua ( יהושע), Naomi ( נעמי), Solomon ( שלמה), Jerusalem ( ירושלים).

Note: Format of this document

A note for references: when it is necessary to clarify which word is meant, the word is given in parentheses in punctuation, usually in the grammatical spelling.

Note: Introduction.1

The rules do not discuss the circumstances of writing the letters אל"ף and ה"א as proof of reading.

The letter אל"ף may be written as a reading when it is rooted.

• Example: Such as Rosh ( ראש), Rishon ( ראשון), Rasih ( ראשית), Rashi ( ראשי) ( רָאשִׁי), Export ( יצוא), Find ( מצא), Bring ( הביא), Guy ( גיא), neck ( צוָּואר) neck- ( צוְּוארי־), she ( היא), he ( הוא), na ( נא) and more.

Also in words, it is written to indicate the vowel 'a'.

• Example: Such as here ( כאן)

Especially before a final ־ַי,

• Example: Such as builder ( בנאי), farmer ( חקלאי), useful ( כדאי), condition ( תנאי)

And in the endings of words that originate in Aramaic,

• Example: Such as indeed ( דווקא), grandfather ( סבא).

Even in foreign words, אל"ף can indicate the vowel 'a', especially in short words

• Example: Such as park ( פארק)

The letter ה"א is written as an exclamation at the end of a word,

• Example: Such as 'build' ( בנה) ( בָּנָה), 'beaver' ( בונה) ( בּוֹנֶה), 'her son' ( בנה) ( בְּנֵה), 'was' ( היה) ( הָיֹה), 'here' ( פה) ( פֶּה, פֹּה).

Rule 1: vowel "oo"

General rule

Mark each u vowel with the letter וי"ו, [See another rule 5.3.]

• Example: Such as 'cake' ( עוגה), 'market' ( שוק), 'closed' ( סגור), 'universe' ( יקום), 'written' ( כתבו), 'turbine' ( טורבינה), 'shirt' ( חולצה), 'ordered' ( הוזמן), 'most' ( רובו), 'all' ( כולם), 'super' ( סופר) (סֻפַּר), 'crazy' ( משוגע), 'dropped' ( הופל), 'knocked down' ( תסובינה), 'directed' ( מכוון) ( מְכֻוָּן).

Rule 2: Vowel "o"

General rule

mark the vowel o in the vowel ווי"ו.

• beach ( חוף)
• judge ( שופט)
• homeland ( מולדת)
• three ( שלוש)
• Force ( כוח)
• brain ( מוח)
• very ( מאוד)
• Suddenly ( פתאום)
• his son ( בנו) ( בְּנוֹ)
• cottons ( כותונות)
• weaving ( טוֹווֹת) [1] (2017)
• optimistic ( אופטימי)
• Morning ( בוקר)
• majority ( רוב)
• all ( כול) (separately, such as 'everyone knows', 'despite everything', 'from all and all')
• Address ( כתובת)
• answer ( תשובנה)
• Sub ( סוב)
• turn around ( תסובו)
• Preserve ( לשמור)
• though ( אומנם) (2017)
• wisdom ( חוכמה) (2017)
• victim ( קורבן) (2017)
• vertex ( קודקוד) (2017)
• plan ( תוכנית) (2017)
• craftsman ( אומן) ( אָמָּן) (2017)
• art ( אומנות) ( אָמָּנוּת) (2017)
• deposit ( הופקד) ( הָפְקַד)
• sharpened ( מושחז) ( מָשְׁחָז)
• ears ( אוזניים)
• nails ( ציפורניים)
• your needs ( צורכיכם)
• I could ( יכולתי) ( יְכָלְתִּי)
• your oat ( שיבולתך)
• my shirt ( כותונתי)
• material ( חומרי) ('my material' or the adjective)
• typical ( אופייני)
• communicative ( תקשורתי)
• you could ( יכולתם) ( יְכָלְתֶּם)
• will keep you ( ישמורך)
• to their guard ( לשומרו) (2017)
• lying down ( בשוכבך) (2017)
• ship ( אונייה) (2017)
• months ( חודשים)
• roots ( שורשים)
• sacred ( קודשים)

Exceptions to the above rule

Exceptions to this rule are the following cases in which the vowel ווי"ו is not indicated in the vowel. Although, we seem to have some of these cases in the above set of words. Those were most likely put into the wrong wordlist area.

Exception 1:

The vowel o in the punctuation is marked with a בחטף קמץ, if it is not at the beginning of the word.

• Example: Such as Zoharim ( צוהריים) ( צָהֳרַיִם), Mokhret ( מוחרת) ( מָחֳרָת), Poeloh ( פועלו) ( פָּעֳלוֹ), Noholi- (נוהלי־) ( נָהֳלֵי־), Ho'amed ( הועמד) ( הָעֳמַד), Yoerakh ( יוארך) ( יָאֳרַךְ) (and not Zohorim ( צוהוריים), Mohoret ( מוחורת), His action ( פועולו), noholi- ( נוהולי־), the oomed ( הועומד), yooruh ( יואורך)).

The same is true לחטף קמץ that has become לקמץ קטן due to breaking up a bunch of falsehoods,

• Example: Such as horoku ( הוארכו) ( הָאָרְכוּ), yorku ( יוארכו) ( יָאָרְכוּ) (harku, yorku).[2]

Note: We write וי"ו with words that have חטף קמץ at the beginning.

• Example: Such as a ship ( אונייה), winters ( חורפים)

The same if they are preceded by the letter of use

• Example: Such as the ships ( האוניות) ( הָאֳנִיּוֹת).