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El Pedregal Formation
El Pedregal Formation
Stratigraphic range: Early Aalenian-Early Bajocian 174–170 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Type	Geological formation
Underlies	Moscardón Formation;
Overlies	Casinos Formation; Turmiel Formation;
Area	Levantine sector
Thickness	>150 m
Lithology
Primary	Mudstone limestones and wakestone limestones
Location
Location	Levantine sector
Coordinates	40°10′27.1”N 1°00′50.7”W
Region	Iberian Basin
Country	Spain
Type section
Thickness at type section	~150 m (490 ft)
	Yewtharaptor/sandbox (Spain)

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The El Pedregal Formation is a geological formation of Early Aalenian (Middle Jurassic) age in the Iberian Basin of W Iberian Peninsula.^[1]^[2] This is alocated in the East-Iberian area, that during the Middle Jurassic was part of a Carbonate platform system, influenced by tectonic activity and fault lines, along the Iberian and Catalan Coastal mountain ranges of Spain, with an exposure of up to 500 km.^[1]^[3] This carbonates are alocated on the Chelva Group, that was network of carbonate platforms, with shallow areas forming around elevated blocks created by tectonic forces.^[4]^[5] Deeper marine environments developed between these blocks, which were likely connected to the open ocean. The Internal Castilian Platform was linked to the Iberian Massif, while the El Maestrazgo High separated two marine platforms: the External Castilian and Aragonese.^[1]^[4] Further to the northeast, the Tortosa Platform was bordered by the Tarragona High and Catalan Massif to the north and the El Maestrazgo High to the south. The Beceite Strait acted as a transition zone between the Aragonese and Tortosa platforms.^[1]^[6]

Paleoenvironment

The El Pedregal Formation lithology is dominated by mudstone and wackestone limestones with fine sediments, including microfilaments, echinoderm fragments, and pellets, with less important sequences with interbedded marls, which are indicative of a low-energy marine environment.^[7]^[8] Associated with a shallow carbonate sea, sequences of this formation developed on a confined lagoon, relatively shallow and protected from direct oceanic influence by a volcanoclastic barrier.^[8] This lagoon was developed adjacent or inside a epehemeral volcanic island, shielded from ocean waves by deposits of volcanic materials.^[9] Within these calm lagoon settings, carbonate sediments mixed with fine particles that contained plant fossils, preserving evidence of plant-insect interactions, with a low diversity of plants, mainly cycadophytes and ferns.^[2]^[10] Occasionally, storm events would disrupt nearby oyster banks, carrying marine debris, including oysters, into the lagoons, sometimes interspersed with plant remains.^[9] This ephemeral island/islands were situated more than 150 km from the nearest mainland, the Catalan and Iberian Massifs. Following the lagoonal deposits, considered of early Aalenian age, a large regional transgression in the late Aalenian impacted the local platform, connecting the Proto-Atlantic Ocean with the Western Tethys Ocean. Latter in the Bajocian the area evolved into a shallow external marine platform with frequent emersions.^[9]

Fossil Content

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Mollusca

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Abbasites^[6]	A. spp.	Caudiel outcrop Pina-Barracas.1 Pina-Barracas.2 Sarrión.1 Sarrión.2	Isolated shells	An Ammonite of the family Erycitidae
Abassitoides^[6]	A. spp.	Pina-Barracas.2 Sarrión.1 Sarrión.2	Isolated shells	An Ammonite of the family Erycitidae
Ambersites^[6]	A. spp.	Caudiel outcrop	Isolated shells	An Ammonite of the family Hammatoceratoidea
Apedogyria^[6]	A. spp.	Pina-Barracas.2 Sarrión.3	Isolated shells	An Ammonite of the family Graphoceratidae
Brasilia^[6]	B. spp.	Caudiel outcrop Pina-Barracas.1 Pina-Barracas.2 Sarrión.1 Sarrión.2 Sarrión.3	Isolated shells	An Ammonite of the family Graphoceratidae
Chondroceras^[6]	C. spp.	Pina-Barracas.1	Isolated shells	An Ammonite of the family Sphaeroceratidae
Elatmites^[6]	E. spp.	Caudiel outcrop	Isolated shells	An Ammonite of the family Perisphinctidae
Eudmetoceras^[6]	E. spp.	Caudiel outcrop Pina-Barracas.1	Isolated shells	An Ammonite of the family Hammatoceratoidea
Euhoploceras^[6]	E. spp.	Pina-Barracas.2 Sarrión.1 Sarrión.2	Isolated shells	An Ammonite of the family Sonniniidae
Epalxites^[6]	E. spp.	Pina-Barracas.1	Isolated shells	An Ammonite of the family Sphaeroceratidae
Fontannesia^[6]	F. ssp.	Caudiel outcrop	Isolated shells	An Ammonite of the family Sonniniidae
Graphoceras^[6]	G. spp.	Caudiel outcrop Pina-Barracas.1 Pina-Barracas.2 Sarrión.1 Sarrión.2	Isolated shells	An Ammonite of the family Graphoceratidae	Specimen
Haplopleuroceras^[6]	H. mundum H. subspinatum H. crassum H. spp.	Caudiel outcrop Pina-Barracas.1 Pina-Barracas.2 Sarrión.1 Sarrión.2	Isolated shells	An Ammonite of the family Hammatoceratoidea
Leptosphinctes^[6]	L. spp.	Caudiel outcrop	Isolated shells	An Ammonite of the family Perisphinctidae	Specimen
Ludwigella^[6]	L. spp.	Caudiel outcrop Pina-Barracas.1 Pina-Barracas.2 Sarrión.1 Sarrión.2	Isolated shells	A Bivalve of the family Graphoceratidae
Macrocephalites^[6]	M. spp.	Caudiel outcrop	Isolated shells	An Ammonite of the family Macrocephalitidae	Specimen
Oppelia^[6]	O. spp.	Pina-Barracas.1	Isolated shells	An Ammonite of the family Oppeliidae	Specimen
Rhodaniceras^[6]	O. spp.	Caudiel outcrop	Isolated shells	An Ammonite of the family Hammatoceratoidea
Pleydellia^[6]	P. aalensis P. mactra P. fluens P. subcomp P. ssp.	Caudiel outcrop	Isolated shells	An Ammonite of the family Hildoceratidae
Sonninia^[6]	S. spp.	Sarrión.1 Sarrión.2 Sarrión.3	Isolated shells	An Ammonite of the family Sonniniidae
Spiroceras^[6]	S. spp.	Caudiel outcrop	Isolated shells	An Ammonite of the family Spiroceratidae	Specimen
Stemmatoceras^[6]	S. spp.	Pina-Barracas.1	Isolated shells	An Ammonite of the family Stephanoceratidae
Stephanoceras^[6]	S. spp.	Pina-Barracas.1	Isolated shells	An Ammonite of the family Stephanoceratidae	Specimen
Toxamblyites^[6]	T. spp.	Pina-Barracas.1	Isolated shells	An Ammonite of the family Haploceratidae
Westermannites^[6]	W. ssp.	Pina-Barracas.2 Sarrión.1 Sarrión.2	Isolated shells	An Ammonite of the family Sphaeroceratidae

Annelida

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Schistomeringos^[10]	S. expectatus S. spp.	TE-620 road	Isolated scolecodonts	A polychaete of the family Dorvilleidae. Unlike the modern counterparts that live in deeper environments, this species is found linked with shallow marine facies	Extant specimen of the same genus

Insecta

Feeding traces suggest the presence of Coleoptera, Odonata, Lepidoptera and Hemiptera.

Foliar remains with insect interactions are common, including traces of margin feeding, Hole feeding, mining, oviposition, piercing and sucking and surface feeding.^[2] Due to be located adjacent to an isolated island, the Camarena locality insect biota likely wasn´t too specialized, with generalists more likely to adapt to these environments and inflict similar damage.^[2]

Modern equivalents capable of leave similar patterns in extant cycadophytes include caterpillars from genera like Eumaeus (Lycaenidae) and Chilades, along other lepidopteran families, such as Tineidae, Nymphalidae, and Erebidae.^[2] Other insects capable of attack cycads include Hemipterans like Aulacaspis yasumatsui or the beetle Brachys cleidecostae (Buprestidae).^[2]

Bryophyta

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Foveosporites^[10]	F. visscheri	TE-620 road	Miospores	Incertae sedis; affinities with Bryophyta.
Interulobites^[10]	I. spp	TE-620 road	Miospores	Incertae sedis; affinities with Bryophyta.
Polycingulatisporites^[10]	P. circulus	TE-620 road	Miospores	Incertae sedis; affinities with Bryophyta.

Lycophyta

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Leptolepidites^[10]	L. macroverrucous L. sp	TE-620 road	Miospores	Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida.
Lycopodiacidites^[10]	L. rugulatus	TE-620 road	Miospores	Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida.	Extant Lycopodium specimens
Staplinisporites^[10]	S. caminus	TE-620 road	Miospores	Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida.
Uvaesporites^[10]	U. argenteaeformis	TE-620 road	Miospores	Affinities with the Selaginellaceae in the Lycopsida.

Pteridophyta

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Biretisporites^[10]	B. potoniaei	TE-620 road	Miospores	Affinities with the families Schizaeaceae/Anemiaceae inside Pteridophyta	Extant Anemia specimens
Baculatisporites^[10]	B. comaumensis	TE-620 road	Miospores	Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida.	Extant Osmunda specimens
Cibotiumspora^[10]	C. jurienensis C. juncta	TE-620 road	Miospores	Affinities with the family Cyatheaceae and Dicksoniaceae in the Cyatheales. Arboreal fern spores.
Contignisporites^[10]	C. sp.	TE-620 road	Miospores	Affinities with the families Schizaeaceae/Anemiaceae inside Pteridophyta
Deltoidospora^[10]	D. toralis D. spp.	TE-620 road	Miospores	Affinities with the family Cyatheaceae and Dicksoniaceae in the Cyatheales. Arboreal fern spores.
Dictyophyllidites^[10]	D. sp.	TE-620 road	Miospores	Affinities with Matoniaceae/Weichseliaceae in the Gleicheniales.
Echinasporis^[10]	E. sp.	TE-620 road	Miospores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Gleicheniidites^[10]	G. senonicus	TE-620 road	Miospores	Affinities with the Gleicheniales in the Polypodiopsida. Fern spores from low herbaceous flora.	Extant Gleichenia
Granulatisporites^[10]	G. sp.	TE-620 road	Miospores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Ischyosporites^[10]	I. crateris I. marburgensis	TE-620 road	Miospores	Affinities with the families Schizaeaceae/Anemiaceae inside Pteridophyta
Kekryphalospora^[10]	K. sp. cf. K. distincta	TE-620 road	Miospores	Affinities with the families Schizaeaceae/Anemiaceae inside Pteridophyta
Klukisporites^[10]	K. variegatus K. spp.	TE-620 road	Miospores	Affinities with the family Lygodiaceae in the Polypodiopsida. K. variegatus is the 2nd most abundant palynomorph (20%)	Extant Lygodium
Leptolepidites^[10]	L. macroverrucosus L. sp.	TE-620 road	Miospores	Affinities with the family Dennstaedtiaceae in the Polypodiales. Forest fern spores.	Extant Dennstaedtia specimens
Lycopodiacidites^[10]	L. rugulatus	TE-620 road	Miospores	Affinities with the Ophioglossaceae in the Filicales. Fern spores from lower herbaceous flora.	Extant Helminthostachys specimens
Manumia^[10]	M. irregularis	TE-620 road	Miospores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Matonisporites^[10]	M. phlebopteroides	TE-620 road	Miospores	Affinities with Matoniaceae in the Gleicheniales.
Osmundacidites^[10]	O. wellmani	TE-620 road	Miospores	Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida.
Skarbysporites^[10]	S. crassexinius	TE-620 road	Miospores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Todisporites^[10]	T. major	TE-620 road	Miospores	Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida.

Cycadophytes

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Cycadopites^[10]	C. cf. carpentier C. follicularis	TE-620 road	Pollen	Affinities with the family Cycadaceae in the Cycadales and with Bennettitales.	Extant Cycas platyphylla
Cycadophyta^[2]^[9]	Indeterminate	TE-620 road	Multiple Leaflets	Affinities with Cycadales in the Cycadopsida. The local macroflora is dominated by Cycadophytes
Monosulcites^[10]	M. minimus	TE-620 road	Pollen	Affinities with Cycadales in the Cycadopsida.

Coniferophyta

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Araucariacites^[10]	A. australis	TE-620 road	Pollen	Affinities with Araucariaceae in the Pinales. The Camarena palynoflora is dominated by Araucariacites australis (58%)	Extant Araucaria.
Callialasporites^[10]	C. turbatus	TE-620 road	Pollen	Affinities with the family Araucariaceae in the Pinales. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants.	Extant Araucaria.
Classopollis^[10]	C. classoides	TE-620 road	Pollen	Affinities with the Hirmeriellaceae in the Pinopsida.
Sciadopityspollenites^[10]	S. macroverrucosus S. spp.	TE-620 road	Pollen	Affinities with both Sciadopityaceae and Miroviaceae in the Pinopsida. This pollen's resemblance to extant Sciadopitys suggest that Miroviaceae may be an extinct lineage of Sciadopityaceae-like plants.^[11]	Extant Sciadopitys.
Spheripollenites^[10]	S. psilatus	TE-620 road	Pollen	Affinities with the Hirmeriellaceae in the Pinopsida.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gómez, J.J.; Fernández-López, S.R. (2006). "The Iberian Middle Jurassic carbonate-platform system: Synthesis of the palaeogeographic elements of its eastern margin (Spain)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 236 (3–4): 190–205. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.11.008. ISSN 0031-0182.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Santos, Artai A.; Sender, Luis M.; Wappler, Torsten; Engel, Michael S.; Diez, José B. (2021). "A Robinson Crusoe story in the fossil record: Plant-insect interactions from a Middle Jurassic ephemeral volcanic island (Eastern Spain)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 583: 110655. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110655. ISSN 0031-0182.
^ Martínez González, R.M.; Lago, M.; Vaquer, R.; Valenzuela Ríos, J.I.; Arranz Yagüe, E. (1996). "Composición mineral del volcanismo Jurásico (pre-Bajociense Medio) en la Sierra de Javalambre (Cordillera Ibérica, Teruel): datos preliminares" (PDF). Geogaceta. 19: 41–44.
^ ^a ^b Gómez, J. J.; Goy, A. (1979). "Las unidades litoestratigraficas del Jurasico medio y superior, en facies carbonatadas del Sector Levantino de la Cordillera Iberica [España]". Estudios geológicos. 35: 1–683.
^ García-Frank, Alejandra; Ureta, Soledad; Mas, Ramón (2008). "Aalenian pulses of tectonic activity in the Iberian Basin, Spain". Sedimentary Geology. 209 (1–4): 15–35. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2008.06.004. ISSN 0037-0738.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z Cortés, J.E.; Gómez, J.J. (2016-12-22). "Middle Jurassic volcanism in a magmatic-rich passive margin linked to the Caudiel Fault Zone (Iberian Range, East of Spain): biostratigraphical dating". Journal of Iberian Geology. 42 (3). doi:10.5209/jige.54667. ISSN 1886-7995.
^ Gómez, Juan J.; Goy, Antonio (2005). "Late Triassic and Early Jurassic palaeogeographic evolution and depositional cycles of the Western Tethys Iberian platform system (Eastern Spain)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 222 (1–2): 77–94. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.03.010. ISSN 0031-0182.
^ ^a ^b Cortés, J.E. (2019). "La Arquitectura Deposicional de los Carbonatos del Jurásico Inferior y Medio Relacionados con los Materiales Volcánicos del Sureste de la Cordillera Ibérica". PhD Dissertation. Ed. Electrónica Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid: 1–1330.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Cortés, J. E.; Gómez, J. J. (2018-04-16). "The epiclastic barrier-island system of the Early‒Middle Jurassic in eastern Spain". Journal of Iberian Geology. 44 (2): 257–271. doi:10.1007/s41513-018-0061-7. ISSN 1698-6180.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai Santos, Artai A.; Rodríguez-Barreiro, Iván; McLoughlin, Stephen; Pons, Denise; Valenzuela-Ríos, Jose I.; Diez, José B. (2024). "Plant colonization of isolated palaeoecosystems: Palynology of a Middle Jurassic extinct volcanic island (Camarena, Teruel, eastern Spain)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 639: 112081. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2024.112081. ISSN 0031-0182.
^ Hofmann, Christa-Ch.; Odgerel, Nyamsambuu; Seyfullah, Leyla J. (2021). "The occurrence of pollen of Sciadopityaceae Luerss. through time". Fossil Imprint. 77 (2): 271–281. doi:10.37520/fi.2021.019. S2CID 245555379. Archived from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.

[:1-1] Gómez, J.J.; Fernández-López, S.R. (2006). "The Iberian Middle Jurassic carbonate-platform system: Synthesis of the palaeogeographic elements of its eastern margin (Spain)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 236 (3–4): 190–205. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.11.008. ISSN 0031-0182.

[:3-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Santos, Artai A.; Sender, Luis M.; Wappler, Torsten; Engel, Michael S.; Diez, José B. (2021). "A Robinson Crusoe story in the fossil record: Plant-insect interactions from a Middle Jurassic ephemeral volcanic island (Eastern Spain)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 583: 110655. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110655. ISSN 0031-0182.

[3] Martínez González, R.M.; Lago, M.; Vaquer, R.; Valenzuela Ríos, J.I.; Arranz Yagüe, E. (1996). "Composición mineral del volcanismo Jurásico (pre-Bajociense Medio) en la Sierra de Javalambre (Cordillera Ibérica, Teruel): datos preliminares" (PDF). Geogaceta. 19: 41–44.

[:5-4] Gómez, J. J.; Goy, A. (1979). "Las unidades litoestratigraficas del Jurasico medio y superior, en facies carbonatadas del Sector Levantino de la Cordillera Iberica [España]". Estudios geológicos. 35: 1–683.

[5] García-Frank, Alejandra; Ureta, Soledad; Mas, Ramón (2008). "Aalenian pulses of tectonic activity in the Iberian Basin, Spain". Sedimentary Geology. 209 (1–4): 15–35. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2008.06.004. ISSN 0037-0738.

[:7-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z Cortés, J.E.; Gómez, J.J. (2016-12-22). "Middle Jurassic volcanism in a magmatic-rich passive margin linked to the Caudiel Fault Zone (Iberian Range, East of Spain): biostratigraphical dating". Journal of Iberian Geology. 42 (3). doi:10.5209/jige.54667. ISSN 1886-7995.

[7] Gómez, Juan J.; Goy, Antonio (2005). "Late Triassic and Early Jurassic palaeogeographic evolution and depositional cycles of the Western Tethys Iberian platform system (Eastern Spain)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 222 (1–2): 77–94. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.03.010. ISSN 0031-0182.

[:8-8] Cortés, J.E. (2019). "La Arquitectura Deposicional de los Carbonatos del Jurásico Inferior y Medio Relacionados con los Materiales Volcánicos del Sureste de la Cordillera Ibérica". PhD Dissertation. Ed. Electrónica Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid: 1–1330.

[:9-9] Cortés, J. E.; Gómez, J. J. (2018-04-16). "The epiclastic barrier-island system of the Early‒Middle Jurassic in eastern Spain". Journal of Iberian Geology. 44 (2): 257–271. doi:10.1007/s41513-018-0061-7. ISSN 1698-6180.

[:0-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai Santos, Artai A.; Rodríguez-Barreiro, Iván; McLoughlin, Stephen; Pons, Denise; Valenzuela-Ríos, Jose I.; Diez, José B. (2024). "Plant colonization of isolated palaeoecosystems: Palynology of a Middle Jurassic extinct volcanic island (Camarena, Teruel, eastern Spain)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 639: 112081. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2024.112081. ISSN 0031-0182.

[11] Hofmann, Christa-Ch.; Odgerel, Nyamsambuu; Seyfullah, Leyla J. (2021). "The occurrence of pollen of Sciadopityaceae Luerss. through time". Fossil Imprint. 77 (2): 271–281. doi:10.37520/fi.2021.019. S2CID 245555379. Archived from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.

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