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Introduction and resources

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This is an attempt to put the main outline of Ukraine history into a timeline form. Maps may be useful for explaining the various intersections of empires where Ukraine and its occupiers have inhabited parts of modern day Ukraine. Ultimately the goal is to assess what Wikipedia currently covers and identify additional content and resources that can go into "Main" Wikipedia.

Some of the other empires that border (or have bordered) the Black Sea aka Pontus Euxinus are relevant, for example the history of Byzantium / Constantinpole over the centuries has had a significant impact on the trade economy and culture of those that occupied the northern coast of the Black Sea.

Resources

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Timeline of Ukraine

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BC era

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Map of the distribution of Scythian cultures on the Eurasian Steppe.
  • Scytho-Siberian world flourished across the entire Eurasian Steppe during the Iron Age from approximately the 9th century BC to the 2nd century AD. The various people groups are sometimes collectively referred to as Scythians, Scytho-Siberians, Early Nomads, or Iron Age Nomads
The Cimmerians and the Agathyrsi inhabited the land which is today Ukraine.
Your Caption here
When the Achamenid PErsians invaded Thrace, most eastern Thracian tribes submitted peacefully, except of the Getae, who were defeated. More expeditions under the generals Megabazus and Mardonius as well as king Xerxes I followed, even though they only managed to secure the Aegean coast.
During the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) Sparta fought the Athenians with support of the Persians / Achaemenid Empire.
Map depicting the Caucasus region around 400 B.C. Siracena, land of the Siraces, is shown in grey, according to its approximate greatest extent.
200BC. Roman Republic is shown in Purple. The Blue area represents the Seleucid Empire. The Parthian Empire is shown in Yellow. in 107 BC Bosporan Kingdom (near Crimea) became part of the Kingdom of Pontus.
The Kingdom of Pontus at its height: before the reign of Mithridates VI (dark purple), after his early conquests (purple), and his conquests in the first Mithridatic wars circa 63BC (pink)
  • Early Slavs inhabit the land between the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea.
  • 200BC - 100AD -- Zarubintsy culture flourished in the area north of the Black Sea along the upper and middle Dnieper and Pripyat Rivers, stretching west towards the Southern Bug river.
Slav origins in 300BC

0 AD

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Moesia Inferior circa 125 AD
Rome and the Barbarians in Eastern and Central Europe around 100 AD
The Bastarnae lived in the region between the Carpathian Mountains and the river Dnieper, to the north and east of ancient Dacia. The Peucini occupied the region north of the Danube Delta.
Roman Empire circa 30 AD
"Outsider Invasions" from the perspective of the Roman Empire
Chernyakhov culture, 4th c.
  • during the Migration Period (loosely defined as between 300 to as late as 800), Germanic tribes and Slavs migrated into Europe and West of the Black Sea.
origin and dispersion of Slavs in the 5-10th centuries


c602. Avar Khaganate (to include Bulgars and other Slavic peoples) occupy the Pontic Steppes and west to Bavaria.
The Pontic steppe, c. 650, showing the early territories of the Khazars, Bulgars, and Avars
Balkans about 680 A.D., foundation of the First Bulgarian Empire
The migration of the Bulgars after the fall of Old Great Bulgaria in the 7th century.

random things to move

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Christianization of Bulgaria and other regional influence by Constantinople

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East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century
The Pontic steppes, c. 1015
Khazar Khanate, 650–850
  • some time between 400 and 800, the Maygars (Hungarians) migrated across the pontic steppes.
some time between 400 and 800, the Maygars (Hungarians) migrated across the pontic steppes.
  • 862 -- Varangians aka the Vikings -- According to the 12th-century Kievan Primary Chronicle, a group of Varangians known as the Rus' settled in Novgorod in 862 under the leadership of Rurik.
Bulgaria under rule of Boris I
  • Christianization of the neighboring Bulgarians
    • Khan Boris began his reign in 852
    • Byzantine Empire began a race with Rome for domination over the Slavic tribes in modern-day Macedonia and Thrace.
    • In the middle Danube region, Bulgaria has interest in emerging regional powers: kingdom of the East Franks, the principality of Great Moravia, and Croatia.
    • In 852, Bulgarians send ambassador to Mainz to tell Louis II the German king of Khan Boris's assumption of power in Pliska. Some time later, Khan Boris concluded an alliance with Rastislav of Moravia (846–870) instigated by the King of the West Franks, Charles the Bald (840–877). The German Kingdom responded by attacking and defeating Bulgaria, forcing Khan Boris to later re-establish an alliance with the German king directed against Great Moravia, a Byzantine ally.
    • between 855 and 856 -- War broke out with the Byzantine Empire over control of fortresses on the Diagonal Road (Via Diagonalis or Via Militaris) that went from Constantinople, through Philippopolis (Plovdiv), to Naissus (Niš) and Singidunum (Belgrade). The Byzantine Empire was victorious and reconquered a number of cities, with Philippopolis being among them.
    • In 861 Khan Boris concluded an alliance with East Frankish King Louis the German, all while informing him that he would like to accept Christianity according to western rite. This renewed alliance threatened Great Moravia, which sought help from Byzantium (862–863). A Rome-dependent Bulgaria in the hinterland of Constantinople was a threat to the Byzantine Empire's immediate interests.
    • 862 -- Cyril and his brother Methodius begin a Byzantine mission to Great Moravia. (intended to draw Great Moravia closer to Constantinople). As part of their Moravian mission, the brothers Cyril and Methodius implement their Slavonic alphabet that they had created to make translations.
    • In the last months of 863 the Byzantines attacked Bulgaria again, probably after having been informed by their Moravian allies that Boris told the German king he was willing to accept Christianity and Byzantium had to forestall him from taking up Christianity from Rome. Khan Boris seeks Bulgarian conversion to Christianity to implement the Slavonic alphabet as well as a means to stop the cultural influence of the Byzantine Empire.
    • In 885, Pope Stephen V issued a papal bull to restrict spreading and reading Christian services in languages other than Latin or Greek. Around the same time, Svatopluk I, following the interests of the Frankish Empire, prosecuted the students of Cyril and Methodius and expelled them from Great Moravia. In 886, Clement of Ohrid (also known as Kliment), Naum, Gorazd, Angelar and Sava arrived in the First Bulgarian Empire where they were warmly accepted by the Tsar Boris I of Bulgaria.
    • 886 - Preslav Literary School established by Boris I in Bulgaria's capital, Pliska.
    • In 893, Simeon I of Bulgaria moved the seat of the school from the First Bulgarian capital Pliska to the new capital, Preslav

rise of the Keivan Rus

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This ~910 AD map depicts the Patzinaks (aka the Pechenegs) occupying the Dniester River Basin
The Byzantine Empire was the main trading partner of the Kievan Rus
Georgia in 1213 at the end of the reign of Tamar.
the Kingdom of Georgia existed from 1008–1490 along the Black Sea, punctuated by Mongol invasions of Georgia between 1243 and 1320 during which time Georgia officially acknowledged the Great Khan as its overlord. In 1320 George V of Georgia drove out the Mongols. As a result of foreign and internal struggles unified Kingdom of Georgia stopped to exist after 1466 and was subdivided into several political units. By 1491, Georgia was shattered into a number of petty kingdoms and principalities
following the Mongolian invasian, the Golden Horde was overlord of Georgia in 1245.
  • 1008–1490

1200s - 1400s: Tatar rules

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  • At the beginning of the 13th century, the Crimea, the majority of the population of which was already composed of a Turkic people — Cumans, became a part of the Golden Horde.

1200s

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1300s

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  • 1325 - 1341 Ivan I of Moscow (Kalita , Monybags) --
    • After the death of his elder brother Yury in 1325, Ivan Kalita inherited the Principality of Moscow. Ivan participated in the struggle to get the title of Grand Duke of Vladimir which could be obtained with the approval of a khan of the Golden Horde. The main rivals of the princes of Moscow in this struggle were the princes of TverMikhail, Dmitry the Terrible Eyes, and Alexander II, all of whom obtained the title of Grand Duke of Vladimir and were deprived of it. All of them were murdered in the Golden Horde.
    • In 1328 Ivan Kalita received the approval of khan Muhammad Ozbeg to become the Grand Duke of Vladimir with the right to collect taxes from all Russian lands. According to the Russian historian Kluchevsky, the rise of Moscow under Ivan I Kalita was determined by three factors:
      • The first one was that the Moscow principality was situated in the middle of other Russian principalities; thus, it was protected from any invasions from the East and from the West. Compared to its neighbors, Ryazan principality and Tver principality, Moscow was less often devastated.
    • The relative safety of the Moscow region resulted in the second factor of the rise of Moscow – an influx of working and tax-paying people who were tired of constant raids and who actively relocated to Moscow from other Russian regions.
      • The third factor was a trade route from Novgorod to the Volga river.
The Black Plague disrupted commerce and culture.
The fragmentation of the Mongol Empire loosened the political, cultural, and economic unity of the Silk Road. The demise of the Silk Road may have also been influenced by the declining influence of the Byzantine Empire, the devastation of the Black Death

Late 1300s to Early 1400s: Vasily I

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1400s

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The Grand Duchy of Lithuania rules from the Baltic to the Black Sea.
  • 1454 Constantinople falls to the Turks

Late 1400s: Russia as New Rome/Constantinope and the Tsars named Ivan

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This 1552 map of Poland and Hungary (Polonia et Ungaria) shows the extent that these countries occupied the lands between the Baltic and the Black Sea.

1572 -- Registered Cossacks become part of the regular formations of the army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

  • 1582 Russian treaty with Poland
  • 1585 Russian peace with Sweden
  • because of recent peace treaties, Baltic trade routes close.
  • 1584 - 1589 Fyodor
  • Boris Gudenov
Rus-sia as distinguished from Moscovy in the late 1500s.

Late 1500s - Early 1600s: Decline of Moscow and Rurik Dynasty during the Time of Troubles

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1600s: the Romanovs take charge, and The Deluge marks the decline of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

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This portion of the 1613 Radziwiłł map shows Polesia, to include the Pinsk Marshes and the large forested area between modern day Ukraine and Belarus to the north.

Late 1600s - Early 1700s: Peter the Great beats the Swedes and modernizes his empire

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Division of Russia into eight governorates in 1708
Great Northern War Part2
  • 1696 Sea of Asov captured.. naval base at Taganog (Crimea?)...
  • 1697.. Peter takes an incognito tour of western capitols and is influenced by their styles and architecture. Thereafter, he tried to implement more western styled things in his tsardom. He also taxed beards and peasants.
  • 1713 lost Asov again to Constantinople at the Peace of Adrianople..
  • 1713 St Petersburg Russia is founded by Peter as the new capitol because he hated Moscow for killing his family.
  • 1722 - 1723 invades Persia (east of the Black Sea)
  • 1739 got Asov back again.

Early 1700s: Other Tsars

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  • Elizabeth
  • Peter III
  • 1730 - 1740 Anne -- persia gets its land back

Late 1700s: Catherine expands towards Poland and the Black Sea coast

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RussianEmpireMap1800-38-NovorossiyskayaProvince
Russian-Turkish-war 1787-1791

Napoleonic Era

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Treaty of Andrinople 1829
  • 1840 - Taras Shevchenko publishes his first edition of his Magnum opus, Kobzar (poetry collection)
  • 1838 - in response to unrest in Egypt and fears of Russian invasion of Ottoman lands, the Ottoman Empire enlists England's assistance in self-defense, leading to the Treaty of Balta Liman. This treaty allows England complete access to Ottoman trade markets. This begins the Ottoman period of Tanzimat, or modernization. that would last until the [[First Constitutional Era] of 1876.

Crimean War (1853) and Industrial Modernization

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Ottoman Empire in 1875. Abdulaziz was the was the 32nd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and reigned from 25 June 1861 up until 30 May 1876, but he was overthrown via a government coup in 1876
    • 1863 -- Valuev Circular forbids publications in the Ukrainian language, except for belles-lettres works.
    • 1876 Alexander II issues a secret decree (ukaz) known as the Ems Ukaz, that bans the use of the Ukrainian language in print except for reprinting old documents.
    • 1875 Great Eastern Crisis begins as decision to increase taxes for paying the Ottoman Empire's debts to foreign creditors resulted in outrage in the Balkan provinces, particularly Rumelia
      • Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)
      • 1876 - 1877 .. From 23 December 1876 until 20 January 1877 world leaders at the Constantinople Conference gathered in Constantinople to discuss political reforms in Bosnia and in the Ottoman territories with a majority-Bulgarian population.
      • 1877 - 1878 - Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
      • March 1878 -- Treaty of San Stefano ends hostilities between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.
      • July 1878 The Treaty of Berlin (formally the Treaty between Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Great Britain and Ireland, Italy, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire for the Settlement of Affairs in the East) was signed on 13 July 1878. The treay formally recognized the independence of the de facto sovereign principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro and the autonomy of Bulgaria although the latter de facto functioned independently and was divided into three parts: the Principality of Bulgaria, the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia, and Macedonia, which was given back to the Ottomans,[4] thus undoing Russian plans for an independent and Russophile "Greater Bulgaria". The Treaty of San Stefano had created a Bulgarian state, which was just what Britain and Austria-Hungary feared the most.[5] The Treaty of Berlin also returned Southern Bessarabia to Russia.
    • 1881 Alexander II assasinated, leading to widespread pogroms against Jews, who were blamed for the assasination.
    • Welsh businessman John Hughes arrives near the Kalmius river (modern day Donetsk) and founds industrial iron forge in the area, which is soon named after him as "Yuzovo"
  • 1881 - 1894 Alexander III of Russia
  • ( settlement of free german peasants along Black Sea (Taurida)
  • 1890 - 1891 -- the first tram system opens in Kiev
Russia ethnic

Russian Civil War and Lenin Stalin Era

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Dismembered Russia — Some Fragments (NYT article, Feb. 17, 1918)

1917 - Russian Civil War begins

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1918-1919: War between the Soviets and the Directorate Armies

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Late 1919: Rise of the Kolchak's White Russian (Imperial Restoration) Army against the Reds (Bolsheviks)

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1920-1921

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Spring 1921 - 1922 -- Russian famine of 1921–1922 leads to increased grain demands on Ukranians. Additionally, to aid in famine relief, the Soviets remove jewelry from Orthodox churches, some of which was given to the Pomgol organization.

  • March 1921 -- Peace of Riga treaty was signed in Riga on 18 March 1921, among Poland, Soviet Russia (acting also on behalf of Soviet Belarus) and Soviet Ukraine. The treaty ended the Polish–Soviet War.
  • August 1921 -- After having fought nearly every army in Ukraine and Russia, Anarchist Nestor Makhno and his Makhnovshchina followers are persecuted by the Bolsheviks. The Makhnovshchina was disestablished on 28 August 1921 and Makhno moves with his family to Paris.

More things

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1930s: Great Depression

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1940s

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World War II

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1941

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1943

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1944

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1945 -- end of WWII

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Post-War 1940s

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  • 1945 to 1947 -- Forced repatriation of citizens of the Soviet Union via Operation Keelhaul. This was done despite the official statement of the British Foreign Office policy after the Yalta Conference, that only Soviet citizens who had been such after 1 September 1939, were to be compelled to return to the Soviet Union or handed over to Soviet officials in other locations (see Repatriation of Cossacks after World War II). Many were sent to the Gulags.
  • March 1946 all People's Commissariats were renamed to Ministries. The NKVD became the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD). the NKVD / MVD continued to administer / house prisoners in special camps in Germany until 1950 (at which point they were turned over to the East Germans). A total of ten camps existed, set up in former Nazi concentration camps, former stalags, barracks, or prisons.
  • NKVD special camp Nr. 1 in the former Stalag IV-B near Mühlberg[
  • NKVD special camp Nr. 2 in Buchenwald
  • NKVD special camp Nr. 3 in Hohenschönhausen[1] (later Stasi-Arbeitslager X)
  • NKVD special camp Nr. 4 in Bautzen (since 1948 Nr. 3)
  • NKVD special camp Nr. 5 in Ketschendorf / Fürstenwalde
  • NKVD special camp Nr. 6 in Jamlitz near Lieberose
  • NKVD special camp Nr. 7 in Weesow near Werneuchen (until August 1945) and Sachsenhausen (since August 1945)
  • NKVD special camp Nr. 8 in Torgau[1] (Fort Zinna)
  • NKVD special camp Nr. 9 in Fünfeichen, Neubrandenburg
  • NKVD special camp Nr. 10 in Torgau[1] (Seydlitz-Kaserne)

1950s

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1960s

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1970s

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1980s

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1990s

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2000s

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2010s

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2020s

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References

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  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference auty was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Together with Leon Głowacki, Włodzimierz Milowicz, Władysław Henszel, Stefan Bobrowski and others
  3. ^ Jan Tabiś (1974). Polacy na Uniwersytecie Kijowskim, 1834–1863 (in Polish). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Literackie. pp. 90–121.
  4. ^ Jelavich, Barbara (2004). Russia and the Formation of the Romanian National State, 1821–1878. Cambridge University Press. p. 286. ISBN 0-521-52251-X.
  5. ^ Crampton, R. J. (2005). A Concise History of Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press. p. 84. ISBN 0-521-85085-1.
  6. ^ "MURDERED BY MOSCOW - PETLURA - KONOVALETS - BANDERA". www.ukemonde.com. Retrieved 2021-08-05.
  7. ^ Armstrong, John (1963). Ukrainian Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 18–19.
  8. ^ Marvin Kalb (2015). Imperial Gamble: Putin, Ukraine, and the New Cold War. Brookings Institution Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-8157-2744-6.
  9. ^ Ушаков А. И., Федюк В. П. Белый Юг. Ноябрь 1919 — ноябрь 1920. — Москва: АИРО-XX, 1997. — ISBN 5-88735-045-8.
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Kenez 2006 47–48 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Service, Robert (1997). A History of Twentieth-Century Russia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 124–125. ISBN 0674403487.
  12. ^ "1929". Seventeen Moments in Soviet History. 2015-06-17. Retrieved 2018-03-25.
  13. ^ Glantz & House 1995, p. 170.
  14. ^ Glantz 2001, p. 333.
  15. ^ "Russia attacks Ukrainian oil refinery". CNN. April 2, 2022. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
  16. ^ "Russia hits key Ukrainian oil facilities in Odesa and Kremenchuk". aljazeera.com. April 3, 2022. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
  17. ^ Hunczak, Taras (2015). My Memoirs: Life's Journey through WWII and Various Historical Events of the 21st Century. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-7618-6699-2. OCLC 930023769.
  18. ^ "Zelensky says Ukraine is applying for NATO membership "under an accelerated procedure"". 30 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  19. ^ Ukraine announces fast-track NATO membership bid, rules out Putin talks


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