User:Thewhiteknight02/sandbox
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All 81 seats in the Legislative Council of the Philippine Islands 41 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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All 81 seats in the Legislative Council of the Philippine Islands 41 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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All 81 seats in the Legislative Council of the Philippine Islands 41 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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All 105 seats in the Legislative Council of the Philippine Islands 53 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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All 105 seats in the Legislative Council of the Philippine Islands 53 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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All 105 seats in the Legislative Council of the Philippine Islands 53 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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All 235 seats in the Chamber of Deputies 118 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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All 235 seats in the Chamber of Deputies 118 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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All 235 seats in the Chamber of Deputies 118 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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All 235 seats in the Chamber of Deputies 118 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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All 235 seats in the Chamber of Deputies 118 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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All 235 seats in the Constituent Assembly 118 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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All 330 seats in the Chamber of Deputies 165 seats needed for a majority All 165 seats in the Senate 83 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1923
[edit]1926
[edit]1931
[edit]1936
[edit]Governments
[edit]Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Party | Government | Coalition | Legislature (Election) |
Monarch (Reign) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||||||
Ivanoe Bonomi (1873–1951) |
4 July 1921 |
26 February 1922 |
237 days | Italian Reformist Socialist Party | Bonomi I | UL • PLDI • PPI • PDSI • PSRI | XXVI (1921) |
Victor Emmanuel III (1900–1947) | ||
Luigi Facta (1861–1930) |
26 February 1922 |
1 August 1922 |
251 days | Italian Liberal Party | Facta I | UL • PLDI • PPI • PR • PDSI • PSRI • PA | ||||
1 August 1922 | 4 November 1922 | Facta II | PLI • PPI • PR • PDSI • PSRI | |||||||
Giovanni Giolitti (1842–1928) |
4 November 1922 |
12 February 1923 |
1 year, 221 days | Italian Liberal Party | Giolitti VI | PLI • PPI • PDSI • PSRI • PSU | ||||
12 February 1923 |
12 June 1924 |
Giolitti VII | PLI • PPI • PSU | XXVII (1923) | ||||||
Filippo Meda (1869–1939) |
12 June 1924 |
5 October 1924 |
1 year, 59 days | Italian People's Party | Meda I | PPI • PLI | ||||
5 October 1924 |
3 August 1925 |
Meda II | PPI • PLI • PSU | |||||||
Ivanoe Bonomi (1873–1951) |
3 August 1925 |
1 December 1926 |
1 year, 120 days | Independent | Bonomi II | PPI • PLI • PSU | ||||
Filippo Meda (1869–1939) |
1 December 1926 |
15 June 1927 |
196 days | Italian People's Party | Meda III | PPI • PLI | XXVIII (1926) | |||
Giovanni Gronchi (1887–1978) |
15 June 1927 |
25 October 1927 |
132 days | Italian People's Party | Gronchi | PPI • PSI-IOS | ||||
Giovanni Giolitti (1842–1928) |
25 October 1927 |
17 July 1928 |
266 days | Italian Liberal Party | Giolitti VIII | PLI • PPI | ||||
Stefano Cavazzoni (1881–1951) |
17 July 1928 |
7 September 1929 |
1 year, 144 days | Italian People's Party | Cavazzoni I | PPI • PLI | ||||
7 September 1929 |
8 December 1929 |
Cavazzoni II | PPI | |||||||
Enrico de Nicola (1877–1959) |
8 December 1929 |
31 March 1931 |
1 year, 113 days | Italian Liberal Party | De Nicola | PLI • PPI • PCd'I • DL • PNF | ||||
Giacomo Matteotti (1885–1959) |
31 March 1931 |
24 August 1933 |
2 years, 146 days | Italian Socialist Party - Italian Section of the Workers' International | Matteotti I | PSI-IOS • PRI • PCd'I • DL | XXIX (1931) | |||
Francesco Saverio Nitti (1868–1953) |
24 August 1933 |
4 August 1934 |
345 days | Liberal Democrats | Nitti III | DL • PSI-IOS • PRI • PCd'I | ||||
Giacomo Matteotti (1885–1959) |
4 August 1934 |
31 March 1936 |
3 years, 254 days | Italian Socialist Party - Italian Section of the Workers' International | Matteotti II | PSI-IOS • PRI • PCd'I • DL | ||||
31 March 1936 |
15 April 1938 |
Matteotti III | PSI-IOS • PRI • Slavi e Tedeschi • PCd'I • PSd'Az • DL • PPI | XXX (1936) | ||||||
Giuseppe Saragat (1898-1988) |
15 April 1938 |
20 March 1939 |
339 days | Italian Socialist Party - Italian Section of the Workers' International | Saragat I | PSI-IOS • PRI • Slavi e Tedeschi • PCd'I • PSd'Az • DL • PPI | ||||
Giacomo Matteotti (1885–1959) |
20 March 1939 |
21 July 1940 |
1 year, 123 days | Italian Socialist Party - Italian Section of the Workers' International | Matteotti IV | PSI-IOS • PRI • PCd'I • DL | XXXI (1938) | |||
Arturo Labriola (1873–1959) |
21 July 1940 |
7 July 1941 |
2 years, 329 days | Italian Socialist Party - Italian Section of the Workers' International | Labriola I | PSI-IOS • PCd'I • DL • PLI • PNF | ||||
7 July 1941 |
15 June 1943 |
Democratic Alliance | Labriola II | PSLI • AD • Slavi e Tedeschi • DL • PLI • PNF | ||||||
Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (1860–1952) |
15 June 1943 |
1 July 1945 |
2 years, 16 days | Italian Liberal Party | Orlando II | PLI • PCd'I • PSIUP • PSLI • PCd'I • PSd'Az • DL • PPI | XXXII (1943) |
500 Days (Philippines)
[edit]The 500 Days are the period of Philippine history from the Christmas 1941 Incident to the 1943 Putsch, during which the Union of the Philippines was governed by a Japanese puppet dictatorship while formally remaining neutral, in a personal union with Italy and under the prewar constitutional framework.
After the ultimatum, Japanese armed forces were stationed on Philippine soil and Japan was granted the right to appoint a Resident Commissioner with oversight over Philippine internal affairs. Under his recommendation longtime Prime Minister Manuel Quezon was removed and forced into exile, being replaced by interior minister Jose P. Laurel; Lieutenant General Lago was likewise replaced by the more pliant Giacomo de Martino.
Laurel's executive rapidly delved into increasing authoritarianism; all parties were later merged into the Japanese inspired Association for the Protection of the Philippines, the Makapili militia was established, and the 1919 electoral law was replaced before the 1943 elections were called.
The monarchy was retained through the period, and the Italian government retained its prerogatives in Philippine affairs; however, the second Labriola government in Italy sought to avoid conflict with Japan, and instructed the Lieutenant General to toe the Japanese line, despite heavy criticism from both Philippine exiles and Italian opposition. The return of Vittorio Emanuele Orlando to government in the summer of 1943 heightened tensions and led to a brief military standoff between Japan and Italy.
The period ended following the German invasion of Italy on September 8th, 1943. On the same day, Japan declared war on Italy and Italian forces in the Philippines were disarmed; the Lieutenant General was deposed and interned, and two days later Laurel declared the formation of the Second Philippine Republic. In the meantime, Quezon and former Lieutenant General general Porta were recalled to Rome to assemble a government in exile, which abolished all laws passed during the 500 days. With Osmena replacing Quezon after the latter's death in 1944, the Government in Exile would later be restored to Philippine soil by the American armed forces.
The conduct of the Italian Government and of several major Philippine politicians during the 500 days would later be severely criticised, with many on both sides being eventually jailed for collaboration with either Germans or Japanese after the end of Italian neutrality.