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History
[edit] | This section contains several duplicates of the same citations. |
Early History
[edit]In the eleventh century BC, Messapians migrated to Apulia from the Illyrian coast, to what was Messapia (Greek: Μεσσαπία) which was the ancient name of a region of Italy largely corresponding to modern Salento. Following the migration, the Greeks arrived in Messapia from Sparta, and giving Salento the name Magna Grecia.[1]
In the fourth century BC, the Roman Empire built the Appian Way or Via Appia, connecting the capital Rome to Apulia, and following the building of the Appian Way, the Romans had kicked the Greeks out from the region in 272 BC, occupying the region. The Romans following the occupation of Salento, the region and develop a flourishing agricultural economy growing wheat, and producing olive oil. 204 years later, the Roman Empire collapsed in 476 AD.[1]
Byzantine Era to 1480
[edit]Following the collapse of the Roman Empire, Salento came under the control of the Ostrogoths. Otranto in the sixth century AD became the seat of the Byzantine government, which during the Byzantine era, the Greek population had returned to Salento, bringing the Greek language, religious beliefs, artistic influences, agriculture, and trade. Greek is still seen in parts of Salento as Salentino Griko. Following the Greek return, the Lombards tried to conquer Apulia and Salento in 569 AD, but were pushed back by the Byzantines in Northern Apulia. The Saracen people occupied Bari, Ugento, and Taranto in 847 AD, but the Byzantines and Greeks still remained in the un-occupied regions of Salento. Following this occupation, the Saracens in 870 AD destroyed Ugento, and deported all the inhabitants of Ugento to Africa, which after the destruction of Ugento, Taranto was also destroyed by the Saracens. In 1016, the Normans arrived in Southern Italy, landing in Salerno.[1]
Apulia became governed in 1059 by Norman Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia and Calabria, which this was the beginning of a period of prosperity for the region of Salento. Apulia became a part of the Holy Roman Empire under Henri VI von Hoenstaufen, followed by his son, the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II. Between 1266-1442, the French Angevins dame to power and Apulia became part of the Kingdom of Naples, taken from the Kingdom of Sicily. Following the merger with Naples, the Kingdom of Naples became a part of the Crown of Aragon until 1458.[1]
1480-1815
[edit]In 1480, the Ottomans under Gedik Ahmed Pasha lay siege to and ransack Otranto. Hundreds to almost a thousand men were slaughtered over the age of 15 by the Ottomans when they refused to convert to Islam, causing them to be beheaded. Neighboring towns to Otranto were fortified in an attempt to protect themselves from the Ottomans and further onslaughts. During this period, between the years of 1482 and 1484, the Venetians briefly gained control of Salento. In 1534, Emperor Charles V realises the strategic importance of Salento as a base to fight against the Turks. Charles V restores several castles, among them the castle of Lecce.[1]
In 1713, Austria was granted Salento in the Treaty of Utrecht, although the Venetians and Ottoman Turks continued to attack the region. Following Austria being granted access, in 1734, the Battle of Bitonto, Spain defeatee Austria and took control of Apulia once more. In 1806, the abolition of feudal society within the Kingdom of Naples under the French, near the start of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples.[1]
Risorgimento to 1900s
[edit]Following the abolition of feudal society in 1816, the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of Sicily went through a state merger, becoming the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Late Bronze Age settlements were complex and comparatively rich. They lost their wealth at the beginning of the Iron Age and degraded into dispersed huts.[1][2]
In 1861, during the the Risorgimento, Apulia joined the new Kingdom of Italy, which following Apulia joining the young nation, the Catholic Church was forced to sell the majority of its land by the Kingdom.[1]
Modern History
[edit]In 1922, under Mussolini the production of grain, olives and wine is increased in Apulia to try to make Italy a self-sufficient nation. In 1939, the Second World War had started, which German troops were placed in Salento and Italy. In 1943 in the ongoing the Second World War, Italy joined the allied powers, causing the ports of Bari, Brindisi and Taranto to suffer heavy bombing as Allied troops attempted to remove German forces from Apulia.[1]