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User:Rangi42/Jangli

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Jangli is a simple constructed language invented for the 2011 Eton College King's Scholarship Examination.

Parts of speech

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There are N parts of speech: nouns, determiners, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions.

Nouns

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Nouns are singular by default. They can be made plural by adding the suffix -tin, e.g. waldantin, "writers."

Determiners

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Had is like "the."

Pronouns

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Verbs

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Verbs have suffixes to agree with the person.

  1st person 2nd person 3rd person
Singular -u -o -a
Dual -um -om -am
Plural -un -on -an

Tenses are formed by markers after the verb. A verb by itself, without any marker, is in the present indefinite tense, e.g. razu, "I write."

  Simple Habitual Progressive Perfect Perfect progressive
Past ga ("I wrote") ga la ("I used to write") gan ("I was writing") ga lo ("I had written") gan lo ("I had been writing")
Present ka ("I write") ka la ("I write") kan ("I am writing") ka lo ("I have written") kan lo ("I have been writing")
Future fa ("I will write") fa la ("I will write") fan ("I will be writing") fa lo ("I will have written") fan lo ("I will have been writing")

We need markers for modality (allowed to = may, supposed to = must/should, conditional = would, possible = could, necessary = need/have to, desire = want to, responsibility = allow/cause to, etc).

Adjectives

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Adjectives come after the determiner and before the noun, e.g. had dek man, "the tall man."

Adverbs

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Prepositions

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Conjunctions

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Morphology

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  • wal + dan = write + do-er = writer
  • wal + om = write + thing = book
  • ba + wal = place + write = office
  • ba + wal + om = place + write + thing = library

Negation

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Clause and sentence structure

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Jangli is a SOV (subject–object–verb) language. It is also pro-drop; subject pronouns can be omitted when they can be inferred from the verb's conjugation.

Questions

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Dependent clauses

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Dependent clauses come after the determiner and adjectives, but before the noun, and are introduced by ko, which is like "that;" e.g. had dek ko walom wala ga man, "the tall man that wrote a book." Or: Had ko Jane pe it lata ga la at balat maku, "I work at the school that Jane used to teach in."

Imperatives

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Vocabulary

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Primitive vocabulary: http://www.percepp.com/primvoc.htm

5000 most common words: http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/common-words-5000.htm

Basic English: http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_English_ordered_wordlist

We'll need: numbers, days/months/seasons, family relations, common locations and actions, food, etc.

Shapes and things

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Primary visual

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  • dot: ?
  • point: ?
  • line: ?
  • edge: ?
  • curve: ?
  • angle: ?
  • corner: ?
  • square: ?
  • triangle: ?
  • circle: ?
  • hole: ?
  • bit: ?
  • part: ?
  • piece: ?
  • thing: om
  • surface: ?
  • layer: ?
  • frame: ?
  • shape: ?
  • form: ?
  • size: ?
  • lump: ?
  • heap: ?
  • pile: ?
  • ball: ?
  • block: ?
  • pole: ?
  • tube: ?
  • brick: ?
  • colour: ?
  • shadow: ?
  • space: ?
  • mirror: ?

Body parts

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  • arm: ?
  • back: ?
  • beard: ?
  • belly: ?
  • body: ?
  • breast: ?
  • cheek: ?
  • chest: ?
  • chin: ?
  • ear: ?
  • elbow: ?
  • eye: ?
  • face: ?
  • finger: ?
  • foot: ?
  • forehead: ?
  • hair: ?
  • hand: ?
  • head: ?
  • knee: ?
  • leg: ?
  • lip: ?
  • mouth: ?
  • nail: ?
  • neck: ?
  • nose: ?
  • shin: ?
  • skin: ?
  • thigh: ?
  • thumb: ?
  • toes: ?
  • tongue: ?
  • tooth: ?
  • wrist: ?

Animate

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  • animal: ?
  • ant: ?
  • baby: ?
  • bee: ?
  • bird: ?
  • boy: ?
  • brother: ?
  • cat: ?
  • child: ?
  • claw: ?
  • cow: ?
  • do-er: dan
  • dog: ?
  • father: ?
  • feather: ?
  • fly: ?
  • frog: ?
  • fur: ?
  • girl: ?
  • hen: ?
  • horn: ?
  • horse: ?
  • man: man
  • mother: ?
  • people: ?
  • person: ?
  • pig: ?
  • sheep: ?
  • sister: ?
  • snake: ?
  • tail: ?
  • woman: ?
  • worm: ?

Food

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  • apple: ?
  • biscuit: ?
  • bread: ?
  • butter: ?
  • core: ?
  • egg: ?
  • fruit: ?
  • meat: ?
  • milk: ?
  • nut: ?
  • orange: ?
  • peel: ?
  • potato: ?
  • salt: ?
  • soup: ?
  • sugar: ?
  • water: ?

Near objects

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  • ash: ?
  • axe: ?
  • bag: ?
  • basket: ?
  • bath: ?
  • bed: ?
  • boat: ?
  • book: ?
  • bottle: ?
  • box: ?
  • brush: ?
  • bucket: ?
  • button: ?
  • car: ?
  • ceiling: ?
  • chair: ?
  • cloth: ?
  • clothes: ?
  • coal: ?
  • coat: ?
  • cup: ?
  • door: ?
  • dress: ?
  • fire: ?
  • flame: ?
  • floor: ?
  • fork: ?
  • hammer: ?
  • handle: ?
  • hat: ?
  • hook: ?
  • knife: ?
  • knob: ?
  • lamp: ?
  • leaf: ?
  • money: ?
  • needle: ?
  • net: ?
  • pan: ?
  • paper: ?
  • pen: ?
  • pencil: ?
  • pin: ?
  • plate: ?
  • pot: ?
  • ring: ?
  • room: ?
  • root: ?
  • rope: ?
  • sail: ?
  • saucer: ?
  • scissors: ?
  • ship: ?
  • shirt: ?
  • shoe: ?
  • sock: ?
  • spade: ?
  • spoon: ?
  • stairs: ?
  • stone: ?
  • stool: ?
  • string: ?
  • table: ?
  • towel: ?
  • wall: ?
  • wheel: ?
  • window: ?

Larger scale objects

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  • arch: ?
  • berry: ?
  • branch: ?
  • bridge: ?
  • cloud: ?
  • dark: ?
  • day: ?
  • earth: ?
  • field: ?
  • flower: ?
  • garden: ?
  • grass: ?
  • house: ?
  • island: ?
  • lake: ?
  • light: ?
  • mist: ?
  • moon: ?
  • night: ?
  • path: ?
  • place: ba
  • plant: ?
  • rain: ?
  • river: ?
  • road: ?
  • sand: ?
  • seed: ?
  • sky: ?
  • smoke: ?
  • star: ?
  • steam: ?
  • stem: ?
  • street: ?
  • sun: ?
  • tree: ?
  • wave: ?
  • way: ?
  • wood: ?

Auditory

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  • air: ?
  • name: ?
  • sound: ?
  • thunder: ?
  • voice: ?
  • winds: ?
  • word: ?

Temporal

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  • after: ?
  • before: ?
  • future: fa
  • now: ?
  • past: ga
  • soon: ?
  • sudden: ?
  • then: ?
  • time: ?

Movements, actions, qualities, and relations

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Primary

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  • begin: ?
  • change: ?
  • end: ?
  • find: ?
  • flow: ?
  • hear: ?
  • is: raz
  • join: ?
  • listen: ?
  • look: ?
  • lose: ?
  • move: ?
  • search: ?
  • see: ?
  • smell: ?
  • start: ?
  • stop: ?
  • taste: ?

Body parts

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  • ask: ?
  • bite: ?
  • blow: ?
  • breathe: ?
  • call: ?
  • chew: ?
  • cough: ?
  • cry: ?
  • drink: ?
  • eat: kaw
  • kiss: ?
  • laugh: ?
  • lick: ?
  • say: ?
  • shout: ?
  • sing: ?
  • smile: ?
  • sneeze: ?
  • speak: ?
  • suck: ?
  • swell: ?
  • talk: ?
  • tell: ?
  • yawn: ?

Arm

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  • break: ?
  • bring: ?
  • carry: ?
  • crack: ?
  • crush: ?
  • cut: ?
  • fold: ?
  • get: ?
  • give: ?
  • grasp: ?
  • grip: ?
  • have: ?
  • hit: ?
  • hold: ?
  • keep: ?
  • let: ?
  • lift: ?
  • mix: ?
  • pierce: ?
  • prick: ?
  • pull: ?
  • push: ?
  • put: ?
  • rub: ?
  • shake: ?
  • smash: ?
  • split: ?
  • spread: ?
  • stretch: ?
  • take: ?
  • throw: ?
  • touch: ?
  • twist: ?

Whole body

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  • act: ?
  • attack: ?
  • catch: ?
  • climb: ?
  • come: ?
  • dance: ?
  • drive: ?
  • drop: ?
  • fall: ?
  • fight: ?
  • go: ?
  • jump: ?
  • kick: ?
  • lead: ?
  • lie: ?
  • meet: ?
  • rest: ?
  • roll: ?
  • run: nar
  • sit: ?
  • skip: ?
  • sleep: ?
  • slip: ?
  • stand: ?
  • step: ?
  • swim: ?
  • teach: lat
  • turn: ?
  • wait: ?
  • walk: ?

Complex

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  • choose: ?
  • cook: ?
  • copy: ?
  • cover: ?
  • draw: ?
  • fear: ?
  • hurt: ?
  • know: ?
  • like: ?
  • love: ?
  • make: ?
  • may: ?
  • must: ?
  • need: ?
  • pain: ?
  • play: ?
  • read: ?
  • send: ?
  • sew: ?
  • think: ?
  • try: ?
  • want: ?
  • wash: ?
  • will: ?
  • work: mak
  • write: wal

Visual

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  • bent: ?
  • big: ?
  • black: ?
  • blue: ?
  • bright: ?
  • brown: ?
  • clean: ?
  • dark: ?
  • deep: ?
  • dirty: ?
  • flat: ?
  • full: ?
  • green: ?
  • grey: ?
  • high: ?
  • hollow: ?
  • long: ?
  • low: ?
  • narrow: ?
  • pointed: ?
  • red: ?
  • round: ?
  • sharp: ?
  • short: ?
  • small: ?
  • straight: ?
  • tall: dek
  • thick: ?
  • thin: ?
  • white: ?
  • wide: ?
  • yellow: ?

Other

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  • bad: ?
  • bitter: ?
  • cold: ?
  • dry: ?
  • good: ?
  • hard: ?
  • heavy: ?
  • hot: ?
  • hungry: ?
  • light: ?
  • loose: ?
  • loud: ?
  • old: ?
  • quick: ?
  • quiet: ?
  • rough: ?
  • sick: ?
  • slow: ?
  • smooth: ?
  • soft: ?
  • solid: ?
  • sour: ?
  • sticky: ?
  • stiff: ?
  • still: ?
  • strong: ?
  • sweet: ?
  • tired: ?
  • weak: ?
  • wet: ?
  • young: ?

Relational

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  • a: ?
  • about: ?
  • across: ?
  • against: ?
  • all: ?
  • among: ?
  • and: sa
  • at: ?
  • back: ?
  • behind: ?
  • between: ?
  • bottom: ?
  • by: ?
  • different: ?
  • down: ?
  • far: ?
  • from: ?
  • front: ?
  • he: ?
  • here: ?
  • how: ?
  • in: pe
  • it: ?
  • left: ?
  • like: ?
  • many: ?
  • me: ?
  • middle: ?
  • near: ?
  • of: ?
  • off: ?
  • on: ?
  • one: ?
  • opposite: ?
  • out: ?
  • over: ?
  • parallel: ?
  • right: ?
  • same: ?
  • several: ?
  • she: ?
  • side: ?
  • some: ?
  • that: ?
  • the: had
  • there: ?
  • they: ?
  • this: ?
  • through: ?
  • to: ?
  • top: ?
  • two: ?
  • under: ?
  • up: ?
  • we: ?
  • what: ?
  • who: ?
  • why: ?
  • with: ?
  • you: ?