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Transmembrane protein 242 (TMEM242) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM242gene.[5] The tmem242 gene is located on chromosome 6, on the long arm, in band 2 section 5.3 on the reverse strand. This protein is also commonly called C6orf35, BM033, and UPF0463 Transmembrane Protein C6orf35. The tmem242 gene is 35,238 base pairs long, and the protein is 141 amino acids in length. The tmem242 gene contains 4 exons and 5 introns.[6] The mRNA transcript for tmem242 is 5084 base pairs. The function of this protein is not well understood by the scientific community. This protein contains a DUF1358 domain (Domain of Unknown Function 1358).[7]
The TMEM242 protein has a conserved domain of unknown function pfam 07096, DUF 1358., which covers the first 121 aa of the protein. This domain is conserved in eukaryotes.
Tmem242 has one confirmed isoform (isoform 1), and one potential isoform (isoform 2)[1]. Isoform 1 is 141 amino acids in length and contains two transmembrane regions[1]. Isoform 2 is 128 animo acids in length and contains three transmembrane regions[1].
Several predicted interacting proteins and functional sites on the protein have been identified. One of the predicted interacting protein is MAP2K1IP1, which is a scaffold protein.[8] This protein is known to be involved in the MAP Kinase pathway. The MAP Kinase pathway is associated with the Alzheimer's pathway through a protein called Tau or MAPT. Excessive phosphorylation of this protein leads to aggregation of neurons which can cause Alzheimer's disease. Other associated proteins include GGT7,[9][10] RNF5,[9][10] ELOVL4,[9] GPR42,[9] BCL2L13,[9] HEATR1,[11] IZUMO4,[11] ARID1B,[11] SIAE,[11] EDARADD,[11]URB1,[11] ZDHHC14,[11] KIF11,[11] RRM2,[11] KCTD13,[11] TMEM31,[10] NDUFA3,[10] SGPL1,[10] CNR2,[10] and GJA8.[10] All of the listed proteins have known functions.
There are homologs and orthologs of the tmem242 protein in a variety of species. The species have diverged as far back as 794 million years ago.[13] The following species have been found as having orthologs to the tmem242 protein in their genome:[14]
TMEM242, H. sapiens
TMEM242, P. troglodytes
Tmem242, M. musculus
C1H6orf35, R. norvegicus
TMEM242, C. lupus
TMEM242, B. taurus
C3H6ORF35, G. gallus
tmem242, D. rerio
tmem242, X. tropicalis
AgaP_AGAP009165, A. gambiaeThis graph represents the corrected divergence for tmem242 when compared to fibrinogen and cytochrome CCG11699, D. melanogaster
The image to the right represents the rate of divergence for tmem242 (blue) compared to fibrinogen (red) and cytochrome C (green). This graph shows that tmem242 is evolving at a rate that is in between that of fibrinogen, which evolves quickly, and cytochrome C, which evolves slowly.
Tmem242 is 141 amino acids long, and contains at least one residue of each amino acid. There are two transmembrane domains, one spanning from approximately the 28th residue to the 48th reside. The second domain spans from approximately the 82nd residue to the 102nd residue.[15] These amino acid residues are approximate as various sources have approximations for the transmembrane domains.
Tmem242 has several secondary structures. The two transmembrane domains have alpha helices.[16] These helices are formed from uncharged residues that are buried in the membrane. These helices are not exposed for binding. Other parts of the tmem242 protein may form secondary structures.
The tmem242 protein further folds to its final structure to embed in a membrane. It is likely tmem242 is embedded in the cellular membrane,[17] there is also potential for tmem242 to embed in the mitochondrial membrane or the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
Tmem242 undergoes various post-translational modification. There are 11 serine residues that have a potential to be phosphorylated. Those sites occur in residue numbers 13, 20, 51, 57, 65, 74, 76, 77, 119, 128, and 130.[18] There are also four threonine residues that have the potential to be phosphorylated. Those site are residue numbers 36, 49, 123, and 137.[18] Other post-translational modifications that potentially happen occur at specific motif sites. There are 12 motif sites in tmem242 that correlate to 4 different motif types. The four types are cAMP and cGMP dependent protein kinase phosphorylation site, casein kinase II phosphorylation site, N-myristoylation site, and protein kinase C phosphorylation site.[19] There is one cAMP and cGMP dependent protein kinase phosphorylation site in tmem242, and this motif has a preference for phosphorylation of threonine and serine residues.[19] There are four casein kinase II phosphorylation sites, and this motif is a serine/threonine kinase. There are six N-myristoylation sites in tmem242, and this motif signals a covalent attachment of myristate.[19] There is one protein kinase C phosphorylation site which signals phosphorylation of serine or threonine resides.[19]
