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User:Jts1882/sandbox/test/Living reptiles

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Turtles

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User:Jts1882/sandbox/test/Turtles

Squamates

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Classification

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Historically, the order Squamata has been divided into three suborders:

Of these, the lizards form a paraphyletic group,[1] since "lizards" excludes the subclades of snakes and amphisbaenians. Studies of squamate relationships using molecular biology have found several distinct lineages, though the specific details of their interrelationships vary from one study to the next. One example of a modern classification of the squamates[2][3] found the following relationships:

Squamata
Dibamia

Dibamidae


Bifurcata
Gekkota
Pygopodomorpha

Diplodactylidae Underwood 1954




Pygopodidae Boulenger 1884



Carphodactylidae




Gekkomorpha

Eublepharidae


Gekkonoidea

Sphaerodactylidae Underwood 1954




Phyllodactylidae



Gekkonidae






Unidentata
Scinciformata
Scincomorpha

Scincidae


Cordylomorpha

Xantusiidae




Gerrhosauridae



Cordylidae





Episquamata
Laterata
Teiformata

Gymnophthalmidae Merrem 1820



Teiidae Gray 1827



Lacertibaenia
Lacertiformata

Lacertidae


Amphisbaenia

Rhineuridae Vanzolini 1951




Bipedidae Taylor 1951





Blanidae Kearney & Stuart 2004



Cadeidae Vidal & Hedges 2008





Trogonophiidae Gray 1865



Amphisbaenidae Gray 1865








Toxicofera

Anguimorpha
Palaeoanguimorpha
Shinisauria

Shinisauridae Ahl 1930 sensu Conrad 2006


Varanoidea

Lanthanotidae



Varanidae




Neoanguimorpha
Helodermatoidea

Helodermatidae Gray 1837



Xenosauroidea

Xenosauridae


Anguioidea

Diploglossidae




Anniellidae



Anguidae Gray 1825







Iguania
Acrodonta

Chamaeleonidae



Agamidae Gray 1827



Pleurodonta

Leiocephalidae




Iguanidae





Hoplocercidae Frost & Etheridge 1989




Crotaphytidae



Corytophanidae






Tropiduridae





Phrynosomatidae




Dactyloidae



Polychrotidae






Liolaemidae




Leiosauridae



Opluridae











Serpentes
Scolecophidia

Leptotyphlopidae Stejneger 1892




Gerrhopilidae Vidal et al. 2010




Xenotyphlopidae Vidal et al. 2010



Typhlopidae Merrem 1820







Anomalepididae


Alethinophidia
Amerophidia

Aniliidae



Tropidophiidae Brongersma 1951



Afrophidia
Booidea


Uropeltidae




Anomochilidae



Cylindrophiidae







Xenopeltidae Bonaparte 1845




Loxocemidae



Pythonidae Fitzinger 1826






Boidae




Xenophidiidae



Bolyeriidae Hoffstetter 1946






Caenophidia

Acrochordidae Bonaparte 1831




Xenodermatidae


Colubroidea

Pareatidae




Viperidae


Proteroglypha

Homalopsidae




Colubridae




Lamprophiidae



Elapidae


















Iguanias

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Below is a cladogram from the phylogenetic analysis of Daza et al. (2012) (a morphological analysis), showing the interrelationships of extinct and living iguanians:[4]

Iguanomorpha

Hoyalacerta sanzi





Huehuecuetzpalli mixtecus



Pristiguana brasiliensis



Iguania
Chamaeleontiformes
Priscagamidae

Mimeosaurus crassus




Priscagama gobiensis



Phrynosomimus asper




Acrodonta

Physignathus





Agama




Uromastyx



Leiolepis






Rhampholeon



Brookesia






Iguanoidea (=Pleurodonta)

Gobiguania

Polrussia mongoliensis



Igua minuta



Isodontosaurus gracilis




Anchaurosaurus gilmorei



Zapsosaurus sceliphros





Saichangurvel davidsoni




Temujinia ellisoni



Ctenomastax parva





Silvaiguana
Hoplocercidae

Enyaloides




Morunasaurus



Hoplocercus




Polychrotidae


Polychrus gutturosus




Polychrus marmoratus




Polychrus femoralis



Afairiguana avius








Leiosaurus




Anisolepis




Enyalius



Pristidactylus







Anolis electrum




Anolis occultus




Anolis heterodermus



Anolis vermiculatus









Euiguana
Corytophanidae

Laemanctus




Basiliscus



Corytophanes




Terraiguana


Iguanidae


Crotaphytidae

Crotaphytus



Gambelia





Phrynosomatidae

Phrynosoma




Uta





Petrosaurus



sand lizards





Sceloporus



Urosaurus







Opluridae

Chalarodon madagascariensis




Oplurus quadrimaculatus B




Oplurus quadrimaculatus A



Oplurus cyclurus







Uquiasaurus



Liolaemidae

Phymaturus




Ctenoblepharis



Liolaemus






Leiocephalus


Tropiduridae

Stenocercus




Tropidurus



Uranoscodon















Snakes

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Modern snakes
Scolecophidia

Leptotyphlopidae


 

Anomalepididae



Typhlopidae




Alethinophidia

Anilius


Core Alethinophidia
Uropeltidae

Cylindrophis


 

Anomochilus



Uropeltinae




Macrostomata
Pythonidae

Pythoninae



Xenopeltis



Loxocemus



Caenophidia

Colubridae



Acrochordidae



Atractaspididae



Elapidae



Hydrophiidae



Viperidae



Boidae

Erycinae



Boinae



Calabaria




Ungaliophiinae




Tropidophiidae





Note: the tree only indicates relationships, not evolutionary branching times.[5]

True lizards

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References

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  1. ^ Reeder, Tod W.; Townsend, Ted M.; Mulcahy, Daniel G.; Noonan, Brice P.; Wood, Perry L.; Sites, Jack W.; Wiens, John J. (2015). "Integrated Analyses Resolve Conflicts over Squamate Reptile Phylogeny and Reveal Unexpected Placements for Fossil Taxa". PLOS ONE. 10 (3): e0118199. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118199. PMC 4372529. PMID 25803280.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  2. ^ Wiens, J. J.; Hutter, C. R.; Mulcahy, D. G.; Noonan, B. P.; Townsend, T. M.; Sites, J. W.; Reeder, T. W. (2012). "Resolving the phylogeny of lizards and snakes (Squamata) with extensive sampling of genes and species". Biology Letters. 8 (6): 1043–1046. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0703.
  3. ^ Zheng, Yuchi; Wiens, John J. (2016). "Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 94 part B: 537–547. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009.
  4. ^ Daza, J. D.; Abdala, V.; Arias, J. S.; García-López, D.; Ortiz, P. (2012). "Cladistic Analysis of Iguania and a Fossil Lizard from the Late Pliocene of Northwestern Argentina". Journal of Herpetology. 46: 104. doi:10.1670/10-112.
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference Lee was invoked but never defined (see the help page).