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User:Biktor627/Sakha romanizations

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Romanization systems for Sakha

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Because there is no standardized romanization system for Sakha, there is significant variation between different works. These systems are based on romanization systems for Russian Cyrillic, IPA, the Common Turkic Alphabet (CTA), as well as the orthography of standard Turkish.

  • Krue.= Krueger (1962)[1]
  • St. & Mz.=Stachowsky & Menz (1998)[2]
  • Vin.= Vinokurova (2005)[3]
  • Pknd.= Pakendorf (2007)[4]
  • Ptrv.= Petrova (2011)[5]
  • Rb. & Sv.'= Robeets & Savalyev (2020)[6]
  • ALA=ALA-LA romanization conventions for Non-Slavic languages written in the Cyrillic Script.[7]

Grayed out rows are only used in Russian (and thus contingent on how one chooses to translate palatalized segments).

Cyrillic IPA CTA Krue. St. & Mz. Vin. Pknd. Ptrv. Rb. & Sv. ALA Other
variants
А а /a/ A a a
Б б /b/ B b b
В в /v/ V v v
Г г /g/ G g g
Ҕ ҕ [ɣ~ʁ] Ğ ğ[a] ɣ q ɣ gh 5[b]
Д д /d/ D d d
Дь дь /d͡ʒ/, /ɟ͡ʝ/[c] C c ǰ dj j ʤ d'
Е е /je/, /e/ ye, e e, ye e e, ye e
Ё ё /jo/ ë
Ж ж /ʒ/ J j ž ž zh
З з /z/ Z z z z z
И и /i, ɪ/ İ i i
Й й /j/ Y y y y j y y ĭ
/j̃/ ɏ
К к /k/ K k k
Л л /l~ɫ/ L l l
М м /m/ M m m
Н н /n/ N n n
Ҥ ҥ /ŋ/ Ñ ñ ŋ n͡g
Нь нь /ɲ/ ń nj ń ñ ń n'
О о O O o o o
Ө ө /œ~ø/ Ö ö ö ȯ
П п /p/ P p p
Р р /r~ɾ/ R r r
Һ һ /h/ H h h
Т т /t/ T t t
У у /u/ U u u
Ү ү /y/ Ü ü ü
Ф ф /f/ F f f f
Х х /χ, q, x/ X x, Q q χ x χ kh χ kh
Ц ц /ts/ c c t͡s
Ч ч /t͡ʃ/ Ç ç č cc č ch
Ш ш /ʃ/ Ş ş š š sh
Щ щ /ɕː/ šč šʲ shch
Ъ ъ /◌.j/ " "
Ы ы [ɯ~ɨ] I ı ı ï y ï y ɨ
Ь ь /◌ʲ/ ' ' '
Э э [e, ɛ] E e [d] e ė ä[8]
Ю ю /ju/ yu yu i͡u
Я я /ja/ ya ya i͡a ja
long

vowels:
аа

/aː/ â aa ā aa a: aa aa
Cyrillic IPA CTA Krue. St. & Mz. Vin. Pknd. Ptrv. Rb. & Sv. ALA Other
variants

Notes

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  1. ^ The Turkish "soft g" is used to show lengthening of the vowel before, and is the result of compensatory lengthening from the loss of Proto-Turkic *g (Vː< Vɣ < Vg). Sakha lost the reflex of Proto-Turkic *g in it pre-recorded history (c.f. PT *ogul [ogul] 'boy; son', MTrk. oğul [oːl], Az. oğul [oɣul], Sah. uol. Modern Sakha <ҕ> is an intervocalic allophone of a reflex for PT *k (Old Turkic /q/), (c.f. 'nine' PT *tokuŕ, OT toquz, Trk dokuz, Sah toɣus).
  2. ^ <5> is a variant used in Cyrillic for <ҕ> which speakers may use if they do not have access to a Sakha keyboard. Additionally, <ҕ> is the same key as <5> on the Sakha keyboard and also visually resembles the number 5.
  3. ^ /ɟ͡ʝ/ is listed on the Yakut language page, but there is no citation.
  4. ^ Krueger omits <э>, perhaps in error.


Comparison in examples

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As can be gleaned from the above, the main points of variation concern the fricatives ҕ /ɣ/, х /χ/, and the seriesи /i/, й /j/, ы /ɨ/, and дь /d͡ʒ/.

(1)
a.

дьон

people

/d͡ʒon/

(ipa)

дьон /d͡ʒon/

people (ipa)

'people'

i. ǰon
ii. ʤon
iii. jon
iv. d'on
b.

айыы

creation

/ajɯː/

(ipa)

айыы /ajɯː/

creation (ipa)

'creation'

i. ajıı
ii. ayï:
iii. ïyïː
iv. aĭyy
c.

бу

DEM

ыт

dog

аттааҕар

horse-COMP

түгэнник

fast-ADV

сүүрэр

run-PRES

/bu/ /ɯt/ /at.taːɣar/ /tyrgɛn.nɪk/ /syːrɛr/

(ipa)

бу ыт аттааҕар түгэнник сүүрэр /bu/ /ɯt/ /at.taːɣar/ /tyrgɛn.nɪk/ /syːrɛr/

DEM dog horse-COMP fast-ADV run-PRES (ipa)

'This dog runs faster than a horse'

i. bu ıt attaaɣar türgennik süürer
ii. bu ït atta:ɣar türgännik sü:rär
iii. bu ït attaːɣar türgennik süːrer
iv. bu yt attaaghar tu̇rgennik su̇u̇rer
d.

эһэ

bear

бөрөтөөҕөр

wolf-COMP

күүстээх

strong-have

/ɛhɛ/ /bøɾøtøːɣør/ /kystɛːχ/

(ipa)

эһэ бөрөтөөҕөр күүстээх /ɛhɛ/ /bøɾøtøːɣør/ /kystɛːχ/

bear wolf-COMP strong-have (ipa)

'A bear is stronger than a wolf'

i. ehe böröötööɣör küüsteeχ
ii. ähä börötö:ɣör kü:stä:χ
iii. ehe börötöːɣör kü:steːχ
iv. eḣe bȯrȯtȯȯghȯr ku̇u̇steekh


References

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  1. ^ Krueger, John R. (1962). Yakut Manual. Bloomington: Indiana U Press.
  2. ^ Stachowski, Marek; Menz, Astrid (1998). "Yakut". In Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á. (eds.). The Turkic Languages. Routledge.
  3. ^ Vinokurova, Nadezhda (2005). Lexical Categories and Argument Structure: A study with reference to Sakha (Thesis). Universiteit Utrecht.
  4. ^ Pakendorf, Brigitte (2007). Contact in the prehistory of the Sakha (Yakuts): Linguistic and genetic perspectives (Thesis). Universiteit Leiden.
  5. ^ Petrova, Nyurguyana (2011). Lexican and Clause-Linkage Properties of the Converbal Constructions in Sakha (Yakut) (Thesis). University of Buffalo.
  6. ^ Robbeets, Martine; Savalyev, Alexander (2020). "Romanization Conventions". In Robbeets, Martine; Savalyev, Alexander (eds.). The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages. Oxford University Press. p. lxxxii.
  7. ^ "Non-Slavic languages (in Cyrillic Script)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  8. ^ Johanson, Lars (2021). Turkic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.