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This is a historical overview of armed conflicts involving India since Indian independence.

Wars in the Indian subcontinent

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The following is an exhaustive list of wars and conflicts that were fought in the historic Indian subcontinent. The wars listed below involve three of the prominent empires to rule over the subcontinent — The Mauryas, Mughals and the Marathas. The Company rule in India is also included.

Maurya Empire (322 BCE–185 BCE)
Start Finish Name of Conflict Belligerents Outcome
Allies Opponent(s)
321 BCE 320 BCE Conquest of the Nanda Empire Maurya Empire Nanda Empire Nanda Dynasty falls; start of Maurya Empire.
305 BCE 303 BCE Seleucid–Mauryan war Maurya Empire Seleucid Empire Chandragupta Maurya conquers all of the Macedonian Satrapies in the Indus River Valley.
262 BCE 261 BCE Kalinga War Maurya Empire Kalinga Asoka conquers Kalinga.
Mughal Empire (1526–1857)
Start Finish Name of Conflict Belligerents Outcome
Allies Opponent(s)
1525 Mughal-Rajput War (1525) Mughal Empire Rajputs Mughal expansion to Punjab
1615 1682 Ahom–Mughal War Mughal Empire Ahom kingdom Ahom influence extended to the Manas river.
1622 1623 First Mughal–Persian War Mughal Empire Safavid Empire Kandahar falls to Safavid.
1649 1653 Second Mughal–Persian War Mughal Empire Safavid Empire Safavids recapture Kandahar.
1679 1684 Tibetan-Ladakh War Ladakh
Mughal Empire
Tibet
Zungar Empire
Mughal victory, withdrawal after signing a treaty with the Ladakhis.
  • With the help of reinforcements from the Zungar Empire, the Tibetans were victorious in another attacked in 1684.
  • Treaty of Tingmosgang.
1681 1707 Deccan Wars Mughal Empire  Maratha Empire Permanent end to Mughal expansion in Deccan/Peninsular India.
1686 1690 Child's War Mughal Empire East India Company The English were obliged to conclude peace with the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1689.
1738 1739 Third Mughal–Persian War Mughal Empire Afsharid dynasty Takeover of Delhi.
1739 February 13, 1739 Battle of Karnal Mughal Empire Persian Afsharid Empire Mughal Defeat
1741 Siege of Trichinopoly Mughal Empire  Maratha Empire Maratha takeover of Tiruchirappalli.
1741 1748 Expeditions in Bengal Mughal Empire  Maratha Empire Nawab of Bengal ceded territory up to the river Suvarnarekha to the Marathas.
1754 1763 Seven Years' War  France

Austria Austria
Russian Empire Russia (until 1762)
Spain Spanish Empire (from 1761)
Sweden Sweden (1757–62)
 Saxony
  Mughal Empire (from 1757)

 Prussia

 Great Britain
Province of Hanover Hanover
Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Iroquois Confederacy
Portugal (from 1761)
Hesse-Kassel
Schaumburg-Lippe

Status quo ante in Europe. Transfer of colonial possessions between Great Britain, France, and Spain.
  • France cedes New France (excluding Louisiana), to Great Britain and recognizes British supremacy in Bengal.
  • Spain cedes Florida to Great Britain.
  • France cedes Louisiana to Spain.
  • Great Britain returns Cuba and Manilla (Philippine Islands) to Spain.
1857 1858 Indian Rebellion of 1857 Mughal Empire
 Maratha Empire
Company Raj Rebellions suppressed, end of Mughal, Company and Maratha rule, formation of the Empire of India.
Maratha Empire (1674–1818)
Start Finish Name of Conflict Belligerents Outcome
Allies Opponent(s)
1681 1707 Deccan Wars  Maratha Empire Mughal Empire Permanent end to Mughal expansion in Deccan/Peninsular India.
1739 Battle of Vasai  Maratha Empire Portuguese Empire Maratha victory
1741 Siege of Trichinopoly  Maratha Empire Mughal Empire Maratha takeover of Tiruchirappalli.
1741 1748 Expeditions in Bengal  Maratha Empire Mughal Empire Nawab of Bengal ceded territory up to the river Suvarnarekha to the Marathas.
1757 1758 Conquest of North-West India  Maratha Empire Durrani Empire Marathas captured Punjab, Kashmir and Nwfp.
1767 1769 First Anglo-Mysore War Company Raj
 Maratha Empire
Nawab of the Carnatic
Hyderabad
 Mysore Stalemate
1775 1782 First Anglo-Maratha War  Maratha Empire Company Raj Maratha victory
1785 1787 Maratha-Mysore War  Maratha Empire  Mysore Maratha victory
  • Treaty of Gajendragad.
1789 1792 Third Anglo-Mysore War Company Raj
 Maratha Empire
Hyderabad
Travancore
 Mysore Maratha victory
1798 1799 Fourth Anglo-Mysore War Company Raj
 Maratha Empire
Hyderabad
Travancore
 Mysore Final defeat of Mysore.
1803 1805 Second Anglo-Maratha War  Maratha Empire Company Raj Company victory
1817 1818 Third Anglo-Maratha War  Maratha Empire Company Raj Company victory
  • Formal end of the Maratha Empire.
1857 1858 Indian Rebellion of 1857 Mughal Empire
 Maratha Empire
Company Raj Rebellions suppressed, end of Mughal, Company and Maratha rule, formation of the Empire of India.
Company rule in India (1757–1858)
Start Finish Name of Conflict Belligerents Outcome
Allies Opponent(s)
1757 Battle of Plassey Company rule in India Nawab of Bengal
French East India
Bengal annexed by the Company Raj.
1764 Battle of Buxar Company rule in India Mughal Empire Company victory
1767 1769 First Anglo-Mysore War Company rule in India
 Maratha Confederacy
Nawab of the Carnatic
Hyderabad
 Mysore Stalemate
1775 1782 First Anglo-Maratha War Company rule in India  Maratha Confederacy Maratha victory
1779 1784 Second Anglo-Mysore War  Great Britain

 Hanover

 Mysore
 France
 Dutch Republic
Treaty of Mangalore.
1789 1792 Third Anglo-Mysore War Company rule in India
Maratha Empire
Hyderabad
Travancore
 Mysore Mysore defeated
1798 1799 Fourth Anglo-Mysore War Company rule in India  Mysore Defeat of Mysore and death of Tipu Sultan at the battlefield.
1803 1805 Second Anglo-Maratha War Company rule in India  Maratha Confederacy Company victory
1814 1816 Anglo-Nepalese War Company rule in India
Garhwal Kingdom
Patiala State
Nepal Treaty of Sugauli, territory under Nepal's control ceded to the British Empire.
1815 Capture of East India Company ship Nautilus Company rule in India United States United States Company defeat
  • Nautilus boarded and occupied by American forces
1817 1818 Third Anglo-Maratha War Company rule in India  Maratha Confederacy Formal end of the Maratha Empire.
1824 1826 First Anglo-Burmese War Company rule in India Burmese Empire Treaty of Yandabo, Beginning of British rule in Burma.
1839 1842 First Anglo-Afghan War Company rule in India Afghanistan British withdrawal from Afghanistan.
1839 1842 First Opium War  Great Britain  China British victory
1845 1846 First Anglo-Sikh War Company rule in India
 Patiala
Sikh Empire Company victory
1848 1849 Second Anglo-Sikh War Company rule in India Sikh Empire End of the Sikh Empire.
1852 Second Anglo-Burmese War Company rule in India Burmese Empire Mindon Min replaced Pagan Min on the Burmese throne.
1856 1857 Anglo-Persian War United Kingdom United Kingdom

Afghanistan

Iran Treaty of Paris, Persian withdrawal from Herat.
1857 1858 Indian Rebellion of 1857 Company rule in India
United Kingdom British Army
Mughal Empire
 Maratha Confederacy
Rebellions suppressed, end of Mughal, Company and Maratha rule, formation of the Empire of India.

Empire of India (1858–1947)

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Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the rule of the three major powers, the Mughals, Marathas and the British East India company came to end and the British crown now began to rule over India directly as per the Government of India Act 1858. India was now a single empire comprising British India and the Princely states. The Empire of India was officially created by British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli for Queen Victoria in 1876 and she was crowned Empress of India.


Start Finish Name of Conflict Belligerents Outcome
Allies Opponent(s)
1856 1860 Second Opium War United Kingdom British Empire

France French Empire

 China Victory
1863 1864 Ambela Campaign  India Afghan Pashtuns
Yusufzai tribes
Victory
  • Bunerwals surrender.
  • Malka burned.
1864 1865 Bhutan War  India Bhutan Victory
  • Bhutanese territorial cessions to India.
1867 1868 British Expedition to Abyssinia United Kingdom United Kingdom Ethiopian Empire Victory
  • British victory at the Battle of Magdala, Theodore II commits suicide.
1878 1880 Second Anglo-Afghan War United Kingdom United Kingdom Afghanistan Victory
  • Treaty of Gandamak, British objectives attained.
  • Afghanistan's tribal frontier areas annexed into British India.
  • Afghanistan becomes a British Protectorate.
1881 1899 Mahdist War United Kingdom United Kingdom

 Egypt
Ethiopia

Mahdist Sudan Victory
1882 Anglo-Egyptian War United Kingdom United Kingdom

Tewfik Pasha

Ahmed Orabi Victory
1885 Third Anglo-Burmese War  India Burmese Empire Victory
1888 Third Black Mountain Expedition  India Hassanzai and Akazai tribes. Victory
  • Allaiwal village of Pokal occupied and destroyed.
1888 Sikkim Expedition  India Tibet Tibet Victory
  • Tibetan forces expelled from Sikkim.
1891 Hunza-Nagar Campaign  India Hunza
Nagar
Victory
1895 Chitral Expedition  India Chitralis Bajouri and Afghan Tribesmen Victory
  • Fort of Chitral relieved.
1896 Anglo-Zanzibar War  Britain Zanzibar Sultanate Victory
1896 Tochi Expedition  India Waziris Victory
  • Rebellion put down.
1897 Siege of Malakand  India پشتون Pashtun tribes Victory
  • Siege successful.
1897 1898 First Mohmand Campaign  India Mohmands Victory
1897 1898 Tirah Campaign  India Afridis
Orakzais
Chamkanis
Victory
  • Negotiations for peace were then begun with the Afridis.
1899 1901 Boxer Rebellion Empire of Japan Empire of Japan
Russian Empire Russia
British Empire United Kingdom

France France
 United States
German Empire Germany
 Austria-Hungary
Kingdom of Italy Italy

Yihetuan Movement
 China
Victory
  • The rebellion was suppressed.
  • Signing of the Boxer Protocol.
  • Provisions for foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing.
1899 1902 Second Boer War  United Kingdom  Orange Free State
 South African Republic
Victory
1903 1904 British expedition to Tibet  India  Tibet Victory
1906 Bambatha Rebellion United Kingdom United Kingdom Zulu people Victory
  • Rebellion suppressed
1914 1918 World War I  France
 United Kingdom

 Russian Empire
 Italy
 United States
 Serbia
 Japan
 Belgium
 Greece
 Romania
 Portugal
 Brazil

 Germany  Austria-Hungary
 Ottoman Empire
 Bulgaria
South African Republic South African Republic
Victory
1918 1920 Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Russia White movement
United Kingdom British Empire

 Japan
 Czechoslovakia
 Greece
 Poland
 United States
France France
 Romania
 Serbia
 Italy
Beiyang government China

 Russian SFSR
 Far Eastern Republic
Latvian SSR
Ukrainian SSR
Commune of Estonia
Mongolian communists
Withdrawal
  • Allied withdrawal from Russia.
  • Bolshevik victory over White Army.
1919 1923 Turkish War of Independence  Greece

France France

Armenia Armenia
 United Kingdom

Georgia

Turkey Ankara Government
Turkey Kuva-yi Milliye
Armistice

[1]

1919 Third Anglo-Afghan War United Kingdom United Kingdom Afghanistan Armistice
  • Treaty of Rawalpindi
  • Afghan invasion repelled.
  • Afghanistan regains control of external affairs.
  • Reaffirmation of the Durand Line.
1919 First Waziristan Campaign  India Waziristan Victory
  • Suppression of insurrection by independent Wazir tribes.
1919 1920 Kuwait–Najd War British Empire United Kingdom

Kuwait

Sultanate of Nejd Victory
  • Ikhawan retreat.
1920 Iraqi revolt United Kingdom United Kingdom Iraqi rebels Victory
1921 Malabar rebellion  India Mappila Muslims Victory
  • Rebellion suppressed.
1925 Pink's War  India Mahsud tribesmen Victory
  • Tribal leaders accept terms.
1935 Second Mohmand Campaign  India Mohmands Victory
1936 1939 Second Waziristan Campaign  India Waziri tribesmen Victory
  • Suppression of insurrection by independent Wazir tribes.
1939 1945 World War II  Soviet Union
 United States

 United Kingdom

 Republic of China
 South Africa
 Australia
 Canada
 New Zealand
 France
 Poland
 Yugoslavia
 Greece
 Denmark
 Norway
 Netherlands
 Belgium
 Luxembourg
 Czechoslovakia

 Germany

 Italy
 Japan

 Hungary
 Romania
 Bulgaria

Victory
1945 1947 Indonesian National Revolution Netherlands Netherlands
United Kingdom United Kingdom
Indonesia Indonesia Withdrawal
  • Indian withdrawal after independence in 1947.
  • The Netherlands recognises Indonesian independence.
1945 1946 Operation Masterdom United Kingdom United Kingdom

France France
Japan Japan

Viet Minh Withdrawal

Dominion of India (1947–1950)

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Following Indian independence, merger of princely states and provinces remained a major question. The partition resulted in a hostile neighbor Pakistan and the two have fought four wars since then.

Start Finish Name of Conflict Belligerents Outcome
Allies Opponent(s)
1947 1948 First Indo-Pakistani War  India  Pakistan
Furqan Force
Ceasefire
  • Partitioning of Jammu and Kashmir.
1947 Indian integration of Junagadh  India Junagadh State Victory
1948 Operation Polo  India Hyderabad Victory

Republic of India (1950–present)

[edit]

India has fought many wars and minor conflicts during its period as a republic.


Conflict Belligerents Outcome
Allies Opponent(s)
Operation Tomahawk (1951)  United Nations
 China
 North Korea
Victory
  • United Nations objectives fulfilled.
Liberation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli (1954)  India Portugal Portugal Victory
Liberation of Goa (1961)  India Portugal Portugal Victory
  • Incorporation of Goa into India.
Sino-Indian War (1961)  India  China Defeat
Insurgency in Northeast India (1964-Present)  India
 Bhutan
Ongoing
  • Conflict ongoing.
  • Insurgency largely subsided.
  • Indian army recaptures territory held by MNF.
  • Bhutanese victory in Operation All Clear.
  • AFSPA introduced in five north-eastern states, later repealed in Tripura.[3]
Second Indo-Pakistani War (1965)  India  Pakistan Armistice
Naxalite-Maoist insurgency (1964-Present)  India

Salwa Judum
Ranvir Sena

Communist Party of India (Maoist)

Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Janashakti
Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Naxalbari (until 2014)
Communist Party of United States of India
Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) New Democracy
Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) (Mahadev Mukherjee)
People's Liberation Army of Manipur
Purbo Banglar Communist Party
Centre of Indian Communists
Tamil Nadu Liberation Army
Supported by:
Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)
File:NPA.png New People's Army[4]

Ongoing
Third Indo-Pakistani War or Bangladesh Liberation War (1971)  India
Mukti Bahini
 Pakistan Victory
Amalgamation of Sikkim  India  Sikkim Victory
Operation Blue Star (1984)  India Sikh Militants Victory
Siachen Conflict (1984-2003)  India  Pakistan Victory
  • Siachen Glacier comes under Indian control following Operation Meghdoot.
  • India gains control of the entire Siachen Glacier and the crest (top) of the main Saltoro Ridge west of the glacier.
  • Ceasefire since 2003.
  • Conflict ongoing.
Operation Flowers are Blooming (1986)  India
 Seychelles
 Seychelles Army Victory
  • Coup averted.
  • Berlouis resigns.
Sri Lankan Civil War (1987-1990)  India
 Sri Lanka
Tamil Tigers Withdrawal
Operation Cactus (1988)  India
Maldives Maldives
PLOTE
Maldives Maldivian rebels
Victory
Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir (1989-Present) India Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami

Lashkar-e-Taiba
Jaish-e-Mohammed
Hizbul Mujahideen
Harkat-ul-Mujahideen
Al-Badr
Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
Supported by:
 Pakistan[5]
Afghanistan Taliban[6]
al-Qaeda[6]

Ongoing
  • Insurgency ongoing and largely subsided.
  • AFSPA enforced in Jammu and Kashmir.
Kargil War (1999)  India  Pakistan Victory
Operation Ocean Shield (2009-Present)  Japan
 Somalia
 United States
 United Kingdom
 Denmark
 Netherlands
 Spain
 Greece
 Germany
 Belgium
 Canada
 Italy
 Portugal
 Turkey
 Norway
 Australia
 India
 New Zealand
 Saudi Arabia
 Ukraine
 South Korea
Somalia Somali Pirates Ongoing
  • Operations being conducted

See also

[edit]
United Nations peacekeeping missions involving India

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Chester Neal Tate, Governments of the world: a global guide to citizens' rights and responsibilities, Macmillan Reference USA/Thomson Gale, 2006, p. 205.
  2. ^ "Korean War". Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  3. ^ http://www.asianage.com/debate/age-debate-after-tripura-it-time-revoke-afspa-jammu-and-kashmir-922
  4. ^ Asia Times Online :: Southeast Asia news and business from Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam. Atimes.com (2010-04-22). Retrieved on 2014-05-21.
  5. ^ Ganguly, Sumit; Paul Kapur (7 August 2012). India, Pakistan, and the Bomb: Debating Nuclear Stability in South Asia. Columbia University Press. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-0-231-14375-2.
  6. ^ a b Gall, Carlotta (2007-01-21). "At Border, Signs of Pakistani Role in Taliban Surge – New York Times". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-01.
  7. ^ "Pakistani opposition presses for Sharif's resignation". Wsws.org. 1999-08-07. Retrieved 2012-06-15.