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Rwanda Marburg virus disease outbreak

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Rwanda marburg disease outbreak
Initial case: 28 September 2024[1]
Map of Rwanda
Confirmed cases26[1]
Deaths6[1]

Rwanda is currently experiencing its first-ever outbreak of Marburg virus disease (MVD).[2]The outbreak was first reported to the World Health Organization on September 28, 2024.[1][3][4] The U.S. embassy in Rwanda has issued an alert on the matter.[5]

Epidemiology

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On 28 September 2024, the World Health Organization informed of a Marburg virus outbreak in Rwanda. Currently there are 26 known cases, 6 of which have been fatal.[1][6] Cases of the virus have been reported in seven districts of Rwanda.[1][7]

Contact tracing efforts are being made, and 161 people are being monitored because they came in contact with the infected individuals.[1]

Virology

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Further information: Marburg virus
Transmission electron micrograph of Marburg virus

Marburg virus disease is a viral hemorrhagic fever which affects people and primates. The disease can cause serious illness or death.[8]

Marburg virus can be transmitted to humans from fruit bats, and spreads through human-to-human contact, typically via bodily fluids and contaminated medical equipment.[9]

The fatality rate of Marburg virus disease is around 50 percent, but it can vary from 24 to 88 percent depending on several factors.[10]

In contrast to Ebola which has a vaccine,[11] there is no treatment or vaccine for MVD.[8]

History

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Further information: Marburg virus disease

The Marburg virus was first discovered in 1967 after outbreaks in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany. These outbreaks had been linked to lab work involving African green monkeys from Uganda.[12]

Some of the more recent outbreaks are listed:

Recent Marburg virus disease outbreaks [13]
Year Country Virus Human cases Human deaths Case fatality rate Notes
2012  Uganda MARV 18 9 50% [14][15]
2014  Uganda MARV 1 1 100% [16][17]
2017  Uganda MARV 3 3 100% [18]
2021  Guinea MARV 1 1 100% [19][20][21]
2022  Ghana MARV 3 2 66.66% [22]
2023  Equatorial Guinea MARV 40 35 88% [23][24][25]
2023  Tanzania MARV 9 6 66% [26][27]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Rwanda reports first-ever Marburg virus disease outbreak, with 26 cases confirmed | WHO | Regional Office for Africa". www.afro.who.int. 28 September 2024. Archived from the original on 28 September 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  2. ^ "Rwanda: Marbug virus has killed several people; WHO plans to send medical aid". Africanews. 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  3. ^ "MSN". www.msn.com. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  4. ^ "Marburg virus kills 6 in Rwanda, health minister says". Voice of America. 28 September 2024. Archived from the original on 29 September 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  5. ^ Rwanda, U. S. Embassy (28 September 2024). "Health Alert – U.S. Embassy Kigali". U.S. Embassy in Rwanda. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  6. ^ "Rwanda reports first-ever Marburg virus disease outbreak, with 26 cases confirmed - Rwanda | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 29 September 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  7. ^ "Marburg outbreak". Reuters. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  8. ^ a b "About Marburg Disease". Marburg virus disease. 24 June 2024. Archived from the original on 27 September 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  9. ^ "Marburg Haemorrhagic Fever | WHO | Regional Office for Africa". www.afro.who.int. 27 September 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  10. ^ "Marburg virus disease". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 2020-04-11. Retrieved 2024-09-29.
  11. ^ "Ebola Vaccine Product Information". Ebola. 12 August 2024. Archived from the original on 27 September 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  12. ^ Brauburger, Kristina; Hume, Adam J.; Mühlberger, Elke; Olejnik, Judith (1 October 2012). "Forty-Five Years of Marburg Virus Research". Viruses. 4 (10): 1878–1927. doi:10.3390/v4101878. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 3497034. PMID 23202446.
  13. ^ "Outbreak Table | Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC". www.cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 21 January 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
  14. ^ "Marburg hemorrhagic fever outbreak continues in Uganda". October 2012. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2014-10-08.
  15. ^ "WHO | Marburg haemorrhagic fever in Uganda – update". www.who.int. Archived from the original on August 10, 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  16. ^ "1st LD-Writethru: Deadly Marburg hemorrhagic fever breaks out in Uganda". October 5, 2014. Archived from the original on December 5, 2017. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
  17. ^ "WHO | Marburg virus disease – Uganda". www.who.int. Archived from the original on November 17, 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  18. ^ "Uganda controls deadly Marburg fever outbreak, WHO says". ABC News. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
  19. ^ "Guinea records probable case of Ebola-like Marburg virus". Reuters. 7 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  20. ^ "West Africa's first-ever case of Marburg virus disease confirmed in Guinea". who.int. 9 August 2021.
  21. ^ "Guinea records West Africa's first Marburg virus death, WHO says". Reuters. August 10, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
  22. ^ "Ghana confirms first cases of deadly Marburg virus". BBC News. 18 July 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  23. ^ "Equatorial Guinea declares outbreak of Ebola-like Marburg virus". BNO News. 13 February 2023. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  24. ^ Schnirring, Lisa (4 April 2023). "Equatorial Guinea confirms another Marburg virus case". University of Minnesota. CIDRAP. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  25. ^ Schnirring, Lisa (24 April 2023). "New fatal Marburg case reported in Equatorial Guinea". University of Minnesota. CIDRAP. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  26. ^ Schnirring, Lisa (22 March 2023). "Tanzania declares Marburg virus outbreak". University of Minnesota. CIDRAP. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  27. ^ "Tanzania reports additional Marburg virus disease case". Outbreak News Today. 24 April 2023. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.

Further reading

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  • Ryabchikova, Elena I.; Price, Barbara B. (2004). Ebola and Marburg Viruses: A View of Infection Using Electron Microscopy. Columbus, Ohio, USA: Battelle Press. ISBN 978-1-57477-131-2.
  • Martini, G. A.; Siegert, R. (1971). Marburg Virus Disease. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-05199-4.
  • Klenk, Hans-Dieter; Feldmann, Heinz (2004). Ebola and Marburg Viruses: Molecular and Cellular Biology. Wymondham, Norfolk, UK: Horizon Bioscience. ISBN 978-0-9545232-3-7.
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