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The trio sonata is a genre, typically consisting of three or four movements with contrasting two melody instruments and a continuo (Boer, pg.466). Originating in the early seventeenth-century, the trio sonata was a favorite chamber ensemble combination in the Baroque era. [1]

Basic Structure

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The trio sonata typically consisted of three parts, two violins and a continuo. However, the two violins could be substituted for pairs of flutes, recorders, or oboes. The second part, the basso continuo, has two parts. First, it includes the bass line, which most commonly was provided with a bass viol, violone, violoncello, or bassoon. Second, it includes a harmony-producing instrument, such as a small organ, a harpsichord, or a theorbo. The (basso) continuo could be performed by two or more performers; a cellist to play the bass line and a harpsichordist or organist to focus on the harmonies. Because there could be two people playing the continuo part, there could be as many as four players playing. This can be misleading to some as the “trio” of the trio sonata refers to the three parts and not the number of players. Sonatas could be placed into two categories: sonata da camera (chamber sonata) and sonata da chiesa (church sonata). The chamber sonata was considered a group of stylized dances and church sonatas were much more serious and typically arranged into a slow-fast-slow-fast sequence. [2]

Composers, compositions and variant formats

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Arcangelo Corelli

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Italian composer, Arcangelo Corelli, was one of most influential composers of the trio sonata and this is where most of his fame came from. This is because he known for developing the model for the trio sonata. One of his most famous works are the four volumes of trio sonatas for two violins and continuo (Opus 1, Opus 2, Opus 3, and Opus 4). These trio sonatas were classified as sonata da chiesas or church sonatas, however, the last two movements do resemble stylized dances.

Other works of his collection are Twelve Trio-Sonatas created in 1683 (dedicated to Queen Christina of Sweden), Twelve Chamber Sonatas (1685-dedicated to Cardinal Panfili), Twelve Trio-Sonatas (1694-dedicated to Cardinal Ottoboni), Twelve Sonatas for Violin and Bass (1700-dedicated to Sophia Charlotte, Electress of Brandenburg), and Twelve Conerti Grossi (1712-dedicated to the Elector of the Palatinate) (Stewart, 1953). [3]

Johann Sebastian Bach

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German composer, Johann Sebastian Bach, is another notable composer of the trio sonata, but he was known for shying away from the traditional structure of the sonata. He typically played the three parts with less than three instruments. An example of this is one part would be played by the violin and the other two parts could be played by a keyboard. He also experimented with playing all three parts on the organ. An example of this is Bach’s Trio Sonata for organ, BMV 525-530. [4]

Other trio sonatas by Bach include:

Other composers

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[5]

References

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  1. ^ [Boer, B. V., & Boer, B. V. (2012). Historical dictionary of music of the classical period. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com], additional text.
  2. ^ [Vetter, R. (n.d.). Baroque Trio Sonata. Retrieved from https://omeka1.grinnell.edu/MusicalInstruments/exhibits/show/ens/trio], additional text.
  3. ^ [Stewart Deas. (1953). Arcangelo Corelli. Music & Letters, 34(1), 1-10. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/730588], additional text.
  4. ^ [The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2017). Trio Sonata. Trio Sonata. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/art/trio-sonata.]
  5. ^ [BACH TRIO SONATA HEARD. (1949, Jan 31). New York Times (1923-Current File) Retrieved from https://ezproxy.lib.uwm.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.lib.uwm.edu/docview/105790926?accountid=15078], additional text.

Further reading

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  • Allsop, Peter. 1992. The Italian "Trio" Sonata: From Its Origins until Corelli. Oxford Monographs on Music. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-816229-4.
  • Apel, Willi. 1990. Italian Violin Music of the Seventeenth Century, edited by Thomas Binkley. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-30683-3.
  • Defant, Christine. 1985. Kammermusik und Stylus phantasticus: Studien zu Dietrich Buxtehudes Triosonaten. Europäische Hochschulschriften / European University Studies / Études Universitaires Européennes. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. ISBN 9783820485141.
  • Hogwood, Christopher. 1979. The Trio Sonata. BBC Music Guides. London: British Broadcasting Corporation. ISBN 0-563-17095-6.
  • Kamien, Roger. 2008. Music an Appreciation, sixth brief edition. Boston: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0073326375 (annotated instructor's edition); ISBN 9780073265452 (student edition)
  • Schenk, Erich. 2005. Die Triosonate. Das Musikwerk, eine Beispielsammlung zur Musikgeschichte, Neuausgabe 20. Laaber: Laaber Verlag. ISBN 3-89007-623-8.


[[Category:Sonatas]]
[[Category:Musical form]]