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Ian Nairn

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Ian Douglas Nairn (24 August 1930 – 14 August 1983) was a British architectural critic who coined the word "Subtopia" to indicate drab suburbs that look identical through unimaginative town-planning. He published two strongly personalised critiques of London and Paris, and collaborated with Sir Nikolaus Pevsner, who considered his reports to be too subjective, but acknowledged him as the better writer.

Early life

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Ian Nairn was born at 4 Milton Road, Bedford, England. Nairn's father was a draughtsman on the R101 airship programme based at Shortstown.[1] The family moved in 1932 when the airship programme was terminated, and Nairn was brought up in Surrey. It was the balancing-act nature of this essentially suburban environment which he stated "produced a deep hatred of characterless buildings and places".[2] Nairn had no formal architecture qualifications; he was a mathematics graduate (University of Birmingham) and a Royal Air Force pilot, flying Gloster Meteor aircraft.[3]

The Architectural Review and "Subtopia"

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In 1955, Nairn established his reputation with a special issue of the Architectural Review called "Outrage" (later as a book in 1956), in which he coined the term "Subtopia" for the areas around cities that had in his view been failed by urban planning, losing their individuality and spirit of place. The book was based around a nightmarish road trip that Nairn took from the south to the north of the country – the trip gave propulsion to his fears that we were heading for a drab new world where the whole of Britain would look like the fringes of a town, every view exactly the same. He also praised modernist urban developments such as the Bull Ring shopping centre in Birmingham, which became increasingly unpopular due to the subordination of pedestrians to cars and was demolished in the early 21st century.[4]

Jonathan Glancey has compared Nairn's opinions with those of the town planner Thomas Sharp, as well as with earlier writers such as William Cobbett and John Ruskin, all of whom shared a vision of potentially invidious urbanization needing to be mitigated by clearly delineated rural space, "compact towns co-existing with a truly green countryside of which we are stewards, not consumers or despoilers".[5] "Outrage" was followed by "Counter-Attack Against Subtopia" in 1956 (published as a book in 1957).

Both books were influential on Jane Jacobs, who was then working at Architectural Forum, the most widely read US architectural magazine.[6] Jacobs cited "Outrage" and "Counter-Attack" in The Death and Life of Great American Cities, and she recommended Nairn to her contacts at the Rockefeller Foundation, which funded Nairn's book The American Landscape: A Critical View (1965).[6]

The Buildings of England

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Nairn admired Nikolaus Pevsner's work (if not his methodology) on the then fledgling Buildings of England series, and had approached Pevsner in the early 1960s as a potential co-author. Pevsner, who wrote about "Visual Planning and the Picturesque", was influential on the formation of the Architectural Review's "Townscape" series of columns, which evolved into the movement to which Gordon Cullen and Nairn were key contributors.[7]

In common with several architectural writers and academics at the time, Nairn had already made small contributions to the series – in his case the volumes on Essex, Norfolk and Northumberland. Pevsner in turn had been influenced by Nairn in earlier volumes: Rutland, for example, Pevsner described as having "no 'subtopia'".[8] Nonetheless, Pevsner was initially reluctant, having thus far written the guidebooks alone. He was also aware of Nairn's views on the 'house style' of the series from reviews Nairn had written on earlier volumes.[9] However the scale of the project began to demand assistance and Pevsner eventually handed almost all responsibility for writing the Surrey volume to Nairn, whose text ultimately constituted almost four-fifths of the finished volume.

Pevsner was content to give sole authorship to Nairn for the volume on Sussex, but as work progressed Nairn felt that his approach was increasingly at odds with the relative objectivity Pevsner required. Nairn began to feel that this was acting as a constraint on his writing, and ceased work on the Sussex volume before it was completed. According to Pevsner, in the foreword to the Sussex book, "When he (Nairn) had completed West Sussex, he found that he could no longer bear to write the detailed descriptions which are essential in The Buildings of England. His decision filled me with sadness...."[10] Consequently, the guide was published with Nairn being given credit for the West Sussex section and Pevsner East Sussex.

In the foreword to Sussex, Pevsner paid Nairn the compliment of acknowledging that "He writes better than I could ever hope to write." However, he continues: "On the other hand, those who want something a little more cataloguey and are fervently interested in mouldings and such like, may find my descriptions more to their liking."[11]

This contrast between exhaustive description (Pevsner) and passionate, sometimes emotional, enthusiasm (Nairn) is noted by Alec Clifton-Taylor in his review of Sussex in the Listener on 15 July 1965. "Dr Pevsner... is inclined to tell us everything about a building except whether it is worth going to see. Mr Nairn, more subjective, occasionally perverse... never leaves us in any doubt about this aspect."[12]

Despite these differences, Nairn remained enthusiastic about the series after his association with it had ended. He later wrote, "For architectural information, there is nothing to beat The Buildings of England...".[13]

Later career

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Nairn's grave in Hanwell

Nairn's style was more easily accommodated in his own architectural guidebooks, which he prefaced as being subjective and personal. Ultimately only two were ever published: Nairn's London (1966) and Nairn's Paris (1968). Planned guides to London's Countryside, The Industrial North, and Rome and Florence were announced but never appeared.[14]

Nairn's writing style is concise, and often humorous, and he describes both his loves and hates, sometimes describing a passage between buildings rather than the buildings themselves, or a single detail. An example of the former is Cardinal Cap Alley on London's South Bank: he remarked of its vista of a tower of St. Paul's, "an accident, but the kind of accident that tends to bestow if you design well in the first place."[15] And of the latter: an elephant on the Albert Memorial "has a backside just like a businessman scrambling under a restaurant table for his cheque-book".[16]

In addition to his journalism, Nairn became for a time a familiar face on television, presenting various series called for the BBC, starting with Nairn's North in 1967[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] and concluding with Nairn's Journeys in 1978.

He was fond of pubs and beer, and both his architectural guides and television journalism are full of descriptions of pubs, and recommendations of which beers to drink. He said in 1972 of a recently disused signal box in Longtown, Cumberland, that he could imagine it being turned into a house, with the lever frames left in place and converted to beer pumps.[25] This was part of his love of local and regional distinctiveness, the "ordinary" places which attracted him as much as the locations of noteworthy buildings. In Nairn's Paris, for example, he lovingly describes the village of Quevauvillers, near Amiens, whose few features are "all lying around waiting for nothing to happen".[26]

In a similar vein, in the small town of Précy-sur-Oise near Beauvais, he notes "a collection of ordinary things ('wobbly suspension bridge...grain silo...a sign saying Ruberoid') transformed into uniqueness".[27] (The reissued 2017 edition of Nairn's Paris omits these descriptions which appear in the chapters describing buildings in the wider Ile-de-France area such as Chartres, Reims and Beauvais céathedrals, the abbey church of Saint Martin des Bois, the town of Provins, several châteaux, and numerous hamlets and villages which Nairn deemed to be noteworthy, often, as in the case of Quevauvillers, because of their – for him – charming ordinariness).

When he did the Yorkshire section of Nairn's Journeys, he, in his own words, "bumped into" the great bluesman Champion Jack Dupree whilst doing a section of the programme in Halifax. The two got on rather well and maintained a close correspondence almost right up to his own death. In his concerns about the encroaching blandness of modern design, he was the heir of literary men who had similarly been critics of the spread of an Edwardian suburbia, such as E.M. Forster ("success was indistinguishable from failure" there), and John Betjeman ("red-brick rashes"), and which fed into the Campaign to Protect Rural England among others. This strain of thinking was, however, to become largely concerned with conservation of the heritage in affluent areas, rather than with Nairn's urban fringe. And like Betjeman, Nairn fought against the forces of subtopia, the obliteration of British heritage – though the forces of subtopia invariably prevailed; one example, his defence of Northampton's Emporium Arcade – "if they do pull this place down it'll be a diabolical shame." It was demolished in June 1972.

He died on 14 August 1983, aged 52, from cirrhosis of the liver and chronic alcoholism, four days before Pevsner himself died.[28] Consumed with a sense of failure, he sought refuge in drink and in his later years wrote almost nothing. He is buried in the Victorian Hanwell cemetery in west London.[28] It is now in one of Ealing's conservation areas. Speaking in The Man who Fought the Planners – The Story of Ian Nairn, Gillian Darley reveals that Nairn's death certificate erroneously gave the place of his birth as Newcastle upon Tyne. Although it is not known who supplied this information to the authorities, Darley reflects that it shows Nairn's wish to be considered a man of the North, a "Newcastle man by desire if not reality".[3]

Influence

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Writers and critics influenced by Nairn include Jane Jacobs, J. G. Ballard, Will Self, Patrick Wright, Michael Bracewell, Jonathan Glancey, Iain Sinclair, Gavin Stamp, Owen Hatherley and Jonathan Meades,[29] who said of his account of Surrey:

Mere architectural description could not suffice for that land of joke-oak and real rhododendron; what it demands is an acute sense of place and the gift to render that sense. Nairn possessed both, and in his London book he showed a third gift, that of the realization of the emotional power of townscape. That trinity of gifts made him a great poet of the metropolis.[30]

In 1997 Michael Bracewell toured some of Nairn's subjects in Surrey for the Travels with Pevsner TV series. In the 2005 film Three Hours From Here Andrew Cross retraced the extensive journey across England that Nairn took to research and write Outrage in 1955. Jonathan Glancey undertook a similar odyssey for The Guardian in 2010.

Fourteen of the buildings mentioned in Nairn's London, "one of the most strange and stirring books ever written about the city", form the basis of the "Building London" chapter in Henry Eliot and Matt Lloyd-Rose's Curiocity (2016). Nairn's own descriptions of buildings such as St Mary Woolnoth, Battersea Power Station and the Gala Bingo Club, Tooting are incorporated into short paragraphs which update Nairn and invite contemporary readers to see the buildings for themselves. The chapter forms an affectionate homage to the "cantankerous architecture critic".[31]

Publications

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  • Outrage: On the Disfigurement of Town and Countryside (Architectural Review special 1955; book: 1959)
  • Counter Attack Against Subtopia (1957)
  • Your England and how to defend it: A cautionary guide (Introduction only, 1960)
  • Surrey (1962) (with Nikolaus Pevsner), Yale University Press, 2 edition Revised and Enlarged (1971), ISBN 978-0300096750
  • Modern Buildings in London (1964), London Transport
  • Your England Revisited (1964)
  • The American Landscape: A Critical View (1965)
  • The Buildings of England: Sussex (1965) (with Nikolaus Pevsner), Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-09677-4
  • Nairn's London (1966), Penguin. Re-issued 1988 with updated entries by Peter Gasson, ISBN 978-0140092646. Original 1966 edition reprinted 2002 with introduction by Roger Ebert, ISBN 978-1585790449, and again 2014 with afterword by Gavin Stamp, ISBN 978-0141396156
  • Britain's Changing Towns (1967). Re-issued as Nairn's Towns in 2013 by Notting Hill Editions with an introduction and updates by Owen Hatherley. ISBN 978-1-907903-81-6
  • Nairn's Paris (1968), Penguin. Abridged text reissued in 2017 by Notting Hill Editions with an introduction by Andrew Hussey. ISBN 978-1-910749-49-4.
  • Nairn's County Durham (2014). Re-issue of Architectural Review, February 1964.[32]

Filmography

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Ian Nairn completed around 30 films for the BBC, all of which survive but none of which have yet been released on DVD.[33]

The Ian Nairn episode of The Pacemakers which focuses on Churchill Gardens and Lillington Gardens in Pimlico, is available to watch on BFI Player under the foreign language series title No Two the Same.[34] It's also available on YouTube.[35]

The three-part series Nairn Across Britain is available to view in the UK on BBC iPlayer and BBC Archive.[36][37][38]

Filmography[note 1]
Series Title Series Year Episode Title Series and Episode Number Role Broadcast Date
Let's Imagine 1962 A New Look for Britain Series 1 Episode 25 Guest 23 March 1962
Nairn's North[17] 1967[17] The Glory That Was Bradford[18] Series 1 Episode 1[19] Presenter 24 October 1967[19][20][21]
The Magic of the Mersey[22][23] Series 1 Episode Unknown Presenter 19 November 1967[22]
Wigan[24] Series 1 Episode Unknown Presenter Unknown
Release 1967–1969 This Story of Yours/The Euston Arch/Willem de Kooning Series 2 Episode 14 The Euston Arch Segment Presenter 7 December 1968
Nairn at Large 1969 Dark Satanic Mills? Series 1 Episode 1 Presenter 7 January 1969
The Mersey Style Series 1 Episode 2 Presenter 14 January 1969
Cornish Pastures Series 1 Episode 3 Presenter 21 January 1969
...Yes, but would you want to live there? Series 1 Episode 4 Presenter 28 January 1969
The Poetry of Town Planning Series 1 Episode 5 Presenter 4 February 1969
They Don't Build 'em Like They Used To! Series 1 Episode 6 Presenter 11 February 1969
Omnibus Presents 1967–2003 The More We Are Together: Eric Lyons – The Architect in Suburbia Series 2 Episode 25 Locations Commentator 4 May 1969
The Pacemakers[note 2] 1968–1971 Ian Nairn N/A Presenter 1970[40]
Nairn's Europe 1970 HerefordBourges (France) Series 1 Episode 1 Presenter 30 April 1970
NewcastleAarhus (Denmark) Series 1 Episode 2 Presenter 7 May 1970
OxfordPadua Series 1 Episode 3 Presenter 14 May 1970
InvernessLulea (Sweden) Series 1 Episode 4 Presenter 28 May 1970
BarnsleySt Niklaas (Belgium) Series 1 Episode 5 Presenter 23 July 1970
The Philpott File 1969–1980 Cities at the Breaking Point Series 2 Episode 8 Panellist 28 November 1970
Nairn's Journeys 1971–1978 Cuckoo Clock Country? Series 1 Episode 1 Presenter 8 July 1971
South to the Med Series 1 Episode 2 Presenter 15 July 1971
With Good News from Ghent Series 1 Episode 3 Presenter 29 July 1971
Finding the Finns Series 1 Episode 4 Presenter 5 August 1971
Orient Express Series 1 Episode 5 Presenter 12 August 1971
Football Towns: Bolton and Preston Series 2 Episode 1 Presenter 19 August 1975
Football Towns: Huddersfield and Halifax Series 2 Episode 2 Presenter 21 August 1975
Football Towns: Wolverhampton and Walsall Series 2 Episode 3 Presenter 22 August 1975
Finding Follies: West of the Pennines Series 3 Episode 1 Presenter 15 August 1978
Finding Follies: Twixt London and Bristol Series 3 Episode 2 Presenter 22 August 1978
Finding Follies: Stourhead to the City Series 3 Episode 3 Presenter 29 August 1978
Nairn Across Britain 1972 From London to Lancashire Series 1 Episode 1 Presenter 14 September 1972
Trans-Pennine Canal Series 1 Episode 2 Presenter 21 September 1972
From Leeds into Scotland Series 1 Episode 3 Presenter 28 September 1972
All the Buildings Fit to Print 1974 N/A N/A Panellist 21 June 1974

Nairn also participated in a number of radio programmes including What's Your Pleasure? (1958) for the BBC Third Programme, with features on Trafalgar Square (with John Betjeman) and Wigan (with John Summerson).

Notes and references

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Notes
  1. ^ Nairn's Travels, which the BBC released on BBC Two in 1990, is just a collection of 6 episodes from previous series' which they rebroadcast, not an actual series by itself.[39] The 6 episodes are:
    • From London to Lancashire from the series Nairn Across Britain (rebroadcast on 10 September 1990)
    • Football Towns: Bolton and Preston from the series Nairn's Journey's (rebroadcast on 17 September 1990)
    • Barnsley – St Niklaas (Belgium) from the series Nairn's Europe (rebroadcast on 24 September 1990)
    • From Leeds into Scotland from the series Nairn Across Britain (rebroadcast on 1 October 1990)
    • Orient Express from the series Nairn's Journey's (rebroadcast on 8 October 1990)
    • Football Towns: Huddersfield and Halifax from the series Nairn's Journey's (rebroadcast on 15 October 1990)
  2. ^ Also released as a foreign language version under the series name No Two the Same
References
  1. ^ "Shortstown heritage". shortstownheritage.co.uk.
  2. ^ Nairn, Ian and Pevsner, Nikolaus (1962) Surrey. Penguin Books.
  3. ^ a b The Man who Fought the Planners – The Story of Ian Nairn, a filmed biography of Nairn shown on BBC4 in 2014.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQBBBj_1wwI
  4. ^ "The Bull Ring" http://billdargue.jimdo.com/placenames-gazetteer-a-to-y/places-b/the-bull-ring/
  5. ^ Glancey, J., What's so great about the Eiffel Tower – 70 questions that will change the way you think about architecture, Laurence King Publishing, 2017, p.148.
  6. ^ a b Laurence, Peter (2006). "The Death and Life of Urban Design: Jane Jacobs, the Rockefeller Foundation and the New Research in Urbanism 1955–1965". Journal of Urban Design. 11 (June): 145–172. doi:10.1080/13574800600644001. S2CID 110512401.
  7. ^ Pevsner, Nikolaus (2010). Visual Planning and the Picturesque. LA: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606060018.
  8. ^ Pevsner, Nicholas (1960) The Buildings of England: Leicestershire and Rutland, Penguin, p.271
  9. ^ Harries, Susie (2011). Nikolaus Pevsner: The Life, Random House, p.554.
  10. ^ Pevsner, Nicholas in Nairn and Pevsner (1965) The Buildings of England: Sussex, Penguin, Introduction, p.11.
  11. ^ Nairn and Pevsner (1965), p.11.
  12. ^ Quoted by J. Meades, "Nairn & the Buildings of England", in G. Darley and D. McKie (eds) Ian Nairn – Words in Place. Five Leaves Publications, 2013, p.64.
  13. ^ Nairn (1966) Nairn's London, Penguin, p. 14
  14. ^ Stamp, Gavin (2004). "Nairn, Ian Douglas (1930–1983)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/73627. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  15. ^ Nairn, Ian (1966), p. 120
  16. ^ Nairn (1966) p. 130.
  17. ^ a b c "Nairn's North". BFI Collections. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
  18. ^ a b "THE GLORY THAT WAS BRADFORD". Yorkshire Film Archive. 1967. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
  19. ^ a b c Verguson, Christine Jane (2014). 'Opting out'? nation, region and locality. University of Huddersfield (doctoral). pp. 5, 185, 192, 193 – via University of Huddersfield Repository.
  20. ^ a b Flanagan, Kevin M. (Spring 2018). "The hosted architectural documentary on British television: Ian Nairn and the personalization of place". Screen. 59 (1): 119. ISSN 0036-9543 – via Academia.
  21. ^ a b Wyver, John; Flanagan, Kevin (Spring 2018). "Dossier: Architectural Documentaries on British Television". Screen. 59 (1): 119. ISSN 0036-9543 – via Academia.
  22. ^ a b c "THE MAGIC OF THE MERSEY". North West Film Archive. 19 November 1967. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
  23. ^ a b Hughes, Lorna (7 May 2016). "Wirral on Film: Watch 100 Years of Life". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
  24. ^ a b "WIGAN". North West Film Archive. 1967. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
  25. ^ Ian Nairn (Summer 1972). Nairn Across Britain – From Leeds to Scotland (Television production). BBC. Event occurs at 21:10. Retrieved 18 April 2014. It could become a house, I wouldn't mind living in this! Keep all the stuff, and convert these to beer pumps.
  26. ^ Ian Nairn, Nairn's Paris, Penguin 1968, p.187.
  27. ^ Nairn's Paris, p.177-8)
  28. ^ a b Stamp, DNB.
  29. ^ Glancey, Jonathan (14 May 2010). "Ian Nairn's voice of outrage". The Guardian. London.
  30. ^ Meades, Jonathan (1988). Nairn's London (revised Gasson), Introduction.
  31. ^ H. Eliot and M. Lloyd-Rose, Curiocity – In Pursuit of London. Particular Books, 2016, p20-25.
  32. ^ http://www.aasdn.org.uk/newsletter23.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  33. ^ Information supplied by BBC Programme Index
  34. ^ "Ian Nairn". BFI Player. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  35. ^ Hill, Dave (6 June 2021). "Pimlico, 1970: Ian Nairn on council housing, human scale and low traffic neighbourhoods". OnLondon. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  36. ^ "BBC – Nairn Across Britain". BBC. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
  37. ^ "Nairn Across Britain". BBCiPlayer. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
  38. ^ "England". BBC Archive. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
  39. ^ "Nairn's Travels". BFI Collections. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  40. ^ "The Pacemakers: Ian Nairn". BFI Collections. Retrieved 3 December 2022.

Further reading

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