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Cuzco Quechua language

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Cuzco Quechua
Qusqu runasimi
Native toPeru
Native speakers
(c. 1.5 million cited 1989–2002)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
quz – Cusco
qve – Eastern Apurímac
Glottologcusc1236  Cusco
east2551  Eastern Apurímac
ELPCuzco Quechua

Cuzco Quechua (Quechua: Qusqu qhichwa simi) is a dialect of Southern Quechua spoken in Cuzco and the Cuzco Region of Peru.

It is the Quechua variety used by the Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua in Cuzco, which also prefers the Spanish-based five-vowel alphabet.[2] On the other hand, the official alphabet used by the ministry of education has only three vowels.[3]

Phonology

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There is debate about whether Cuzco Quechua has five /a, e, i, o, u/ or three vowel phonemes: /a, ɪ, ʊ/.[4] While historically Proto-Quechua clearly had just three vowel phonemes /*a, *ɪ, *ʊ/, and although some other Quechua varieties have an increased number of vowels as a result of phonological vowel length emergence or of monophthongization, the current debate about the Cuzco variety seems to be not phonological in matter but just orthographic.[5]

Phoneme IPA Phonetic realizations 3-vowel alphabet 5-vowel alphabet
/a/ [æ, a, ɑ] a a
/ɪ/ [i, ɪ, e, ɛ] i i [i, ɪ], e [e, ɛ]
/ʊ/ [u, ʊ, o, ɔ] u u [u, ʊ], o [o, ɔ]
Consonants
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Stop plain p t t͡ʃ k q
aspirated t͡ʃʰ
ejective t͡ʃʼ
Fricative s ʃ x χ h
Nasal m n ɲ
Approximant plain j w
lateral l ʎ
Flap ɾ

Grammar

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Pronouns

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[6] Cuzco Quechua Northern Quechua Ancash Quechua English
noqa/ñoqa ñuka nuqa I
qan kan qam you
pay pay pay he, she, it
noqanchis/ñoqanchis ñukanchik (ñukapash kanpash) nuqantsik we (inclusive)
noqayku/ñoqayku ñukanchik (shinapash mana kan/kikin) nuqakuna we (exclusive)
qankuna qamkuna qamkuna you (plural)
paykuna paykuna paykuna they

Nouns

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Examples using the word wasi 'house'
Function Suffix Example Translation
Suffix indicating number Plural -kuna wasikuna houses
Possessive suffix 1st person singular -y wasiy my house
2nd person singular -yki wasiyki your house
3rd person singular -n wasin his/her/its house
1st person plural (incl.) -nchis wasinchis our house (incl.)
1st person plural (excl.) -y-ku wasiyku our house (excl.)
2nd person plural -yki-chis wasiykichis your (pl.) house
3rd person plural -n-ku wasinku their house
Suffixes indicating case nominative wasi the house (subj.)
accusative -(k)ta wasita the house (obj.)
instrumental -wan wasiwan with the house, and the house
abessive -naq wasinaq without the house
dative -paq wasipaq to the house
genitive -q/-pa wasiq of the house
causative -rayku wasirayku because of the house
benefactive -paq wasipaq for the house
locative -pi wasipi at the house
directional -man wasiman towards the house
inclusive -piwan, puwan wasipiwan, wasipuwan including the house
terminative -kama, -yaq wasikama, wasiyaq up to the house
transitive -(rin)ta wasinta through the house
ablative -manta, -piqta wasimanta, wasipiqta off/from the house
comitative -(ni)ntin wasintin along with the house
immediate -raq wasiraq first the house
intrative -pura wasipura among the houses
exclusive -lla(n) wasilla(n) only the house
comparative -naw, -hina wasinaw, wasihina like the house

Adjectives

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Verbs

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Cusco at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
    Eastern Apurímac at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ^ Nancy Hornberger & Kendall King, "Authenticity and Unification in Quechua Language Planning" Language, Culture and Curriculum 11 3 (1998): 390 - 410. http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1059&context=gse_pubs
  3. ^ Nonato Rufino Chuquimamani Valer. Yachakuqkunapa Simi Qullqa - Qusqu-Qullaw Qhichwa Simipi Archived 2011-08-24 at the Wayback Machine (Quechua-Quechua-Spanish dictionary). Lima: Ministerio de Educación, 2005.
  4. ^ "SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories". linguistics.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
  5. ^ Adelaar, Willem F. H. (2014). The Andean three-vowel system and its effect on the development of a modern orthography for the Aimaran and Quechuan languages. Scripta, 6, 33–46. Available at <https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/71388>.
  6. ^ "Personal pronouns in Quechua Cusco". Quechua Language. 2019-12-23. Archived from the original on 2020-04-22. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
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